Scottish structure plans and their role as indicators of future retail developments

Summary

In trying to form a view of what the pattern of retail development in Scotland is likely to be in the early years of next century, it is important to gain an understanding of how the physical planning framework influences the development process. Most Scottish Structure Plans now contain detailed statements of policy on retail development and the Scottish Development Department (SDD) periodically issues planning guidelines, including guidelines on the location of major retail developments. Much of this paper is taken up with analysis and interpretation of Structure Plan policies on retailing and the SDD's new planning guidelines, issued in December 1986.

Previous work in this subject area has identified common elements in Structure Plan policies on retailing and has pointed to the difficulties planners face in formulating policies appropriate to the dynamism of the industry. This paper attempts to go further than previous work by showing how policies are evolving in the face of change in the retail industry. Four broad trends in policy development are identified. The paper also describes the distinguishing features of the retailing policies of the six regional planning authorities in Scotland.

The review of Structure Plans, which was accompanied by a series of interviews with planning officers, highlighted a number of issues for further discussion. It is clear that the SDD's new guidelines on the location of major retail developments are being interpreted differently by different planning authorities and that the full intent of the guidelines has yet to emerge. Local authorities are also concerned about how the necessary environmental improvements in town and city centres are to be financed. Particularly in light of the emergence of new forms of shopping and proposals for new large‐scale and out‐of‐town developments, a further issue is the feasibility of retailing policies based on the principle of hierarchy.

Although there is no reason to suspect that the continuation of Structure Planning in Scotland may be in doubt, the question also arises of whether the plans have a future, given that Structure Planning is to be abandoned in England and Wales. The answer to the question is, ultimately, political, but Structure Planning in Scotland does appear to work. Scotland has a more coherent structure of local government than England and Wales and, unlike their counterparts elsewhere in Britain, upper‐tier local authorities in Scotland can exert strategic control over the development process by virtue of their call‐in powers.

The paper comes to the qualified conclusion that Scottish Structure Plans do, or at least have the potential to, indicate the way ahead for the pattern of retail development. The qualification is necessary because Structure Plans generally are in a state of flux and, for this reason, it is not entirely clear whether the policies are anticipating change in the retailing industry or are simply reacting to it. Some of the remaining uncertainties should be resolved, however, when Structure Plan policies are reviewed in light of the new planning guidelines.     

Retail planning policy and large grocery store development: A case study in South Wales

Summary

This paper describes and evaluates the recent history of large grocery store development within the four counties of Industrial South Wales. After a discussion of major grocery companies’ programmes of store development, the timing and location of the 26 large stores opened in Industrial South Wales between 1972 and 1986 are described. The paper then analyses Structure Plan policies for large store development in the four counties, and compares the locational pattern of stores developed during the 1980s with that proposed in the Structure Plans themselves. Discrepancies between actual and proposed categories of store location are shown to reflect the more liberal planning policies of the Welsh Office, and of some District Councils. Finally, some conclusions are drawn relating to wider aspects of the planning control of retail development.     

乡镇级土地利用总体规划与村镇体系规划协调评价

研究目的:弥补乡镇土地利用总体规划与村镇体系规划(简称"两规")协调定量评价研究的不足,深入分析"两规"的协调机制。研究方法:层次分析法(AHP),特尔菲法(Delphi)和关联分析法。研究结果:提出"两规"协调评价的目的和思路,在进行"两规"单项实施评价的基础上,构建"两规"协调评价指标体系和提出评价方法,同时分析"两规"协调途径。研究结论:"两规"协调评价指标体系包括执行指标和效果指标层,共计23个指标,"两规"各自实施评价合格程度、"两规"协调发展程度均可分为5类,建议逐步完善规划体制,加强城乡规划部门和国土部门的协作,做好用地分类、建成区范围、人口预测和规划指标等数据的核实和统一工作。     

Administrative restructuring and land-use intensity—A spatial explicit perspective

BackgroundThe rapid industrialization, urbanization, and population explosion have ushered forth the era focusing on the efficient use of land resources to achieve sustainable development. “Intensive Land-Use Plan” was therefore proposed in the context of shifting the focus from “incremental planning” to “inventory planning” in rapidly developing countries, particularly China.MethodsWe develop our framework based on the hypothesis that administrative status has a spatial effect on intensive land use and explore this effect dynamically. In the first step, we summarized the different degrees of land-use intensity based on different administrative status (i.e., urban district, suburban district, county, county-level city, and district) and make categorizations. We also devised spatial models in multiple strategies embedded with different spatial weight matrices to the underlying driving forces using Wuhan agglomeration as the case.ResultsResults show that 1) urbanization, industrial structure, and retail sales of consumer goods are highly correlated with land-use intensity change, with all factors being positive; 2) the influences of different administrative status exist and strengthened in the past decade; the spatial interaction is greater when urban district is adjacent to district in the prefecture city in 2005 and 2015. In turn, this finding affirms the phenomenon that the administrative power has gradually strengthened, and the city centers are the most vibrant areas to compete for higher land-use efficiency.RecommendationThe emergence of diversified types of counties, such as urban districts and county-level cities, has further pressed the necessity to embed administrative influence in spatial regression. These findings provide theoretical basis for understanding the administrative dimension in new urbanization and have important policy implications on administrative adjustment and intensive land use.     

Development pressure in the metropolitan fringe

Summary

Increasing market demand for new residential development in the urban fringe, together with changes in national political ideology and planning policy over the last decade, have combined to modify a longstanding opposition to development in the greenbelt. This has heightened the need for local planners and decision‐makers to formulate development plans which incorporate a satisfactory trade‐off between pro‐growth and anti‐growth interests. This paper identifies the principal actors involved in the production of the built environment of the urban fringe and employs a multi‐indicator technique to measure the incidence and intensity of development pressure in Glasgow's metropolitan fringe.     

Retail planning policies in Scottish structure plans

Summary

This paper examines in detail the policy responses of planners, as seen in structure plan policy statements, to the challenge of a dynamic retail sector. The spatial scale of Scotland is taken to rectify the omission in previous work on planning and retailing which has been mainly Anglo‐centric in focus. Common themes from the structure plans are identified and analysed and the Scottish experience compared to the wider British context. The process of plan monitoring and policy review is examined to see if planners are meeting this challenge of retailing in a constructive way. The question is posed as to whether the traditional approach to retail planning, as exemplified in the structure plans, can now be maintained in the light of persistent attacks on the grounds of inadequacy and inappropriateness.     

The effect of income on formation of tenants capital estimated from residual variation (part i)

Abstract

This paper contrasts the ruling neo‐classical “paradigm” on industrial policy with a more structuralist view of the need for government interventions to promote industrial development. It traces the evolution of the debate on industrial policy from the early days of planning to the current consensus for “market friendly” policies, and notes the deficiencies in the latter approach. It develops a casefor selective interventions basedon the nature of the technological learning process and adduces evidence from the East Asian newly industrializing economies to show that the nature and extent of selective interventions were critical to their patterns of industrial development. It closes with an acknowledgement of government failure but argues that this does not amount to an absolute and permanent case against industrial policy.     

Development studies and the development of India: An awkward case?

Abstract

The origins of the inter‐disciplinary field of “development studies” are traced to the 1960s. It is argued that Indian scholars have pursued their own distinctive lines of argument within it, but that they have also made significant contributions to the general field. The paper has a section outlining the history of “development studies”, tracing major strands of thought and the way in which Indian scholars related to them. It then looks in more detail at Indian development and the conceptualization of “development”, by both the “insiders” and “outsiders” who have had a role to play in the debate, before turning to various “characterizations” of India from Myrdal onwards.     

The River agreement in Italy. Resilient planning for the co-evolution of communities and landscapes

According to the “evolutionary” approach (Davoudi & Al., 2012), urban resilience implies that urban systems have capacity to react to several external disturbances - economic, social, environmental - regarding all components of urban governance and transforming itself in a new development model.River basins are considered an interesting space for experimental workshop on resilience, as a driver of territorial policy, for ordinary communities and landscapes, where the relationship between the sustainable use of territorial resources could led to new territorial strategies, as well as “promote managements synergies” at different levels of regional and local planning.River Agreements (RA) appear as an innovative governance method which can help in the drafting of potential plans and practices for the development of resilience in fluvial territories. It is a form of negotiated planning, that helps to involve social actors in order to: improve people’s knowledge of current territorial conditions and the effects of human activities; increase social awareness; include society in the identification and implementation of solutions; to encourage innovative changes in planning objectives and urban and architectural design, starting with the legal and planning framework of an Action Plan. Starting from the ‘80 s, RA were experimentally tested in Belgium and France and currently widespread also in Italy. In Piedmont Region (Italy), it is recognized as a successful territorial governance tool used to define shared strategies, measures, rules and projects. We will present the case study of the Sangone River Agreement as the first participate planning and design experience in Piedmont signed by local actors.     

Forecasting housing land requirements

Summary

Because of pressures on the countryside by private housing development, the Government and the planners have become increasingly involved in planning policy issues and in forecasting land requirements. The forecasting techniques used are examined, and their translation into local allocations through structure and local plans and land availability studies are looked at. The demand for more land releases is attributed more to structural changes in the housebuilding industry and local land shortages in the south‐east than to real shortfalls in housing provision. There is a need for improved monitoring systems for land resource management, particularly in balancing ‘green‐field’ releases against development/redevelopment in existing urban areas.     

‘Paradigms of development: The East Asian debate’: A comment

Abstract

Sanjaya Lall's contribution to the debate on the role of industrial policy in economic development (Oxford Development Studies, 24, pp. 111–131,1996) is criticized. Part of the argument concerns the nature of development experience in Hong Kong, where deindustrialization is not regarded as a sign of lack of industrial policy, as argued by Lall. More generally, the article contends that selective intervention is not necessarily the key to capturing the benefits of dynamic comparative advantage, that intervention costs can be large, and that governments can have difficulty in devising and implementing plans for the development of technological capability.     

The role of information in plans for progressing in IWLRM

Developing new methodologies to advance in Integrated Water and Land Resources Management (IWLRM) should now be the main priority in the context of water and land resources. For over 20 years there have been debates about the need to integrate water and land management, but the results are not as good as expected. It is important to research new ways in which to progress and the level of planning appears to be appropriate for this. The article defines a framework for the plans that could help progress in IWLRM if the key water and land variables of the intervention area are included. Using the framework it is possible to define “model plans” for each scope and this allows us to propose a methodology to assess the current plans from the IWLRM perspective. The case of Eastern Almeria, Spain, provided the empirical focus.     

再接再厉 开拓创新 推动农业资源区划工作再上新台阶

文章就推进3个规划编制、组织开展农业可持续发展重大问题研究、积极开展可持续发展试验示范、大力推进农业遥感监测服务和体系建设以及推进新农村建设与农村人居环境改善工作5个方面对2015年全国农业资源区划工作进行了总结与肯定,并对扎实做好"十三五"开局的2016年农业资源区划工作提出四方面的工作要求:一是着力推进农业可持续发展规划贯彻落实,二是组织推进农业资源管理,三是继续开展农业领域生态文明建设改革探索工作,四是加强农业遥感监测服务。     

Development And Adjustment Policy For A Low Income Farm Area1

This paper attempts to develop profit-maximizing plans for a low income farm area and to indicate the magnitude of resource adjustment required to meet this optimum. A secondary objective is to evaluate the usefulness of the variable resource programming technique as a device for determining resource misallocation and as a guide to regional and national policy. The study set out to develop optimum plans for the individual farm units and for the area using the variable resource programming technique. The results of the individual farm programs indicate that considerable income development potential exists on farms through internal farm resource reorganization and development. Results of the area programs suggest a need for substantial farm unit adjustment in order to achieve efficient resource use, particularly in achieving minimum farm income needs of the future.     

哈尔滨松江湿地风景资源评价

松江湿地是哈尔滨市宝贵的生态资源,采取定性概括与定量分析相结合的方法,对哈尔滨松江湿地的风景资源进行综合评价.在对景源进行调查、筛选和分类的基础上,对景源进行评分与分级,得出评价结论,为后期规划提出科学性、操作性强的建议.     

土地利用规划的战略环境影响评价

研究目的:解决我国现有土地利用可持续发展目标之间矛盾,实现土地利用过程中的生态经济协同发展的战略目标。研究方法:比较研究与系统分析。研究结果:分析了我国土利用规划的现状及存在的环境问题;提出在土利用规划中引入环评,重点探讨了土地利用总体规划的战略环境影响评价(SEA)体系(内容、程序、指标体系、方法等)。研究结论:引入战略环境影响评价体系是土地利用总体规划的必然之路,而这一体系的建立和完善还需要不断地研究和实践。     

Improving the Quality of CAP Strategic Planning through Enhancing the Role of Agricultural Economics

Extending strategic planning to the full range of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) interventions could improve the impacts of this controversial public policy. Science, particularly agricultural economics, can play a role in improving the quality of planning and implementation of a reformed CAP. The preparation of Member States' Strategic Plans (SP) is rather formalistic, while the plans are not very rigorously designed. A major weakness is related to the CAP's political-economic characteristics and lies in the selection and definition of interventions: financially strong but poorly targeted interventions tend to be pre-fixed, which prevents a stronger focus on the results and quality of planning. The intervention logic functions as a black box, as the links between policy priorities and interventions are merely implied, with no clear, evidence-based links. Therefore, European decision makers should re-examine the concept of CAP SP and especially improve a support system and capacity building for SP designers. Greater involvement of academic research and scientific methods and tools in the preparation, monitoring and evaluation of plans, could significantly improve the quality of planning. This would require increased investment in research and dialogue among representatives of academia, government and the nongovernmental sector.     

Terms of trade effects on endogenous growth rates in LDCs

Abstract

This paper presents a model in which long‐term GDP growth rates of LDCs are dependent upon world price levels. The model combines an endogenous growth framework a la Romer (1986, Journal of Political Economy, 94, pp. 1002–1037) with traditional Heckscher‐Ohlin‐Samuelson international trade, while assuming investment in capital to be financed solely by domestic savings. This relatively strong assumption is justified by the empirical observation that for most LDCs foreign investment constitutes only a very small part of gross capital formation. We find that an increase in the price of capital‐intensive goods will raise the long‐term growth rate. In other words, in this model protection of the capital‐intensive goods sector will cause higher economic growth.     

中国土地利用规划的理论和方法探讨

研究目的:初步建立中国土地利用规划的理论和方法体系.研究方法:文献资料法,对比法.研究结果:中国土地利用规划的理论分为经济学的基础理论、总体理论和主题理论三个层次.基于过程的土地利用规划方法包括建立规划模型的方法、编制规划方案的方法以及评价规划方案的方法.研究结论:土地利用规划是社会经济发展的需求和产物,宜从中国社会经济发展的变革、土地利用规划的实践以及国际土地利用规划的变革中不断发展中国土地利用规划的理论和方法,提高土地利用规划的科学性.     

The incremental construction land differentiated management framework: the perspective of land quota trading in China

Construction land plays a vanguard role in China’s rapid urbanization process. However, confront with massive loss of farmland resources, the highly centralized land-use planning and management system established by the central government in 1998 stipulates that the red line of 1.8 billion mu of farmland should be guarantee to ensure food security. A series of land management system innovations such as “the replacement of basic farmland in different places”, “the compensated supplement of farmland in different places”, and “the land conversion quotas transregional transaction” in Zhejiang province have received increasing attention, under the premise that neither dissipating the economic development efficiency nor breaking the constraints of various planning quotas. Inspired by the “three-phase” efficiency improvement based on the concept known as the “adaptive efficiency”, this article first proposes the inherent policy shortcomings as incalculability, inseparability, and uncontrollability. Then, adopting the mathematical model derivation and economic analysis tool, we demonstrate that the “general allocation + competition allocation + rewarded allocation” of new construction land quota allocation scheme has improved the three-stage Pareto efficiency. Relying on the network analysis of the cross-regional trading in Zhejiang province, the “time hotspot”, “regional hotspot”, Siphon effect, price fluctuation and inequality of opportunity are also observed in the process of trading. The authorities should play a quasi “wedge-like” blocking role in due course. It is therefore suggested that a differentiated management scheme should be adopted considering the variance in regional resource endowments and social ecosystem. This paper expected to shed light on improving construction land-use efficiency for China and other similarly placed developing countries.