陕西入境旅游竞争力提升策略探究——基于云南、陕西的入境旅游市场比较

云南、陕西同处中国西部,旅游业都有较快的发展。本文重点从两省的旅游外汇收入、入境旅游者停留天数和花费、国际旅游市场的客源空间结构等因素进行分析,通过对两省入境旅游市场的比较研究,笔者针对陕西入境旅游竞争力提出了提升策略和合理化建议。     

THE VERY RAPID INCREASE OF JAPANESE TOURISTS ABROAD AND THE ROLE OF NATIONAL WEALTH

The strong performance of the Japanese economy, rising stock and land prices in Japan, as well as the strong yen, have prompted Japanese to travel abroad in ever increasing numbers in recent years. Despite several obstacles against growth, such as limited vacation time for employees of Japanese corporations, relatively expensive airline tickets, capacity limitations of international airports in Japan, booming resort development in Japan itself, and imposed constraints on Japanese direct investment abroad, Japanese travelers abroad, the majority of whom are tourists, increased from less than five million in 1985 to almost 10 million in 1989. The traditional demand function based on income and price may not explain all of the growth of Japanese overseas tourism, since some of the increase in Japanese travelers may stem from increases in expected future income based on increased wealth. This wealth effect hypothesis is tested using a log-linear regression model. It is found that wealth is a better predictor of overseas tourism levels than income. The effect of wealth increases on overseas tourism is also found to have a lag time of about one year. For this reason, it is proposed that the slowing in the Japanese economy this year will negatively impact Japanese overseas tourism next year.     

北京入境旅游流西向梯度转移特征研究

北京是我国的首都,同时也是我国海外游客重要的旅游目的地和入境中转口岸之一,数以万计的入境游客经北京中转前往国内各旅游目的地。我国西部地区拥有极其丰富的旅游资源,吸引着越来越多的旅游者向其转移。通过对北京入境旅游流向西部各省区流动的游客转移态和市场竞争态的分析,研究了北京入境旅游流向我国西部地区各省区的梯度转移特征,以期对西部省区制定旅游规划、开展市场营销、发展国际旅游业起到参考作用。     

日本地震对山东省旅游业的影响分析

本文就日本在2011年3月发生的地震以及由此引发的核辐射事件给山东省旅游业的出入境旅游和各旅游企业带来的影响进行了分析,进而尝试性地提出了做好日本的替代性出游目的地、着力开发国内旅游市场等的积极应对策略。     

推动澳大利亚入境游的宏观环境因素综述

澳大利亚不仅是南半球经济最发达的国家,还凭借其独特的自然风光和出色的人文景观吸引了全球游客的光临。本文针对澳大利亚入境游的文献资料进行了研究调查与分析,重点放在两大宏观因素上,社会文化因素(恐怖主义和兴趣旅游)和经济因素(汇率和中国市场)。通过调研本文指出,澳大利亚入境游人数在一个相对安全的国际环境下呈现出稳定增长的趋势,尤其在开发兴趣旅游方面表现出色,并且中国市场对澳大利亚入境游起到了不可小视的推动作用。全球经济回暖后,澳币汇率近五年的变化对入境游造成了附加影响,当澳币增值时澳大利亚入境游发展速度放缓,反之加快。     

陕西省入境旅游市场结构的SSM分析

文章选取陕西省主要海外客源国(地)2005—2009近五年的数据位样本,采用转移—份额分析法(SSM)对陕西省入境旅游市场的结构变化进行分析,发现欧美、大洋洲市场的市场份额与竞争力呈现上升趋势;东南亚市场持续低迷;日、韩两个传统市场呈现"双低"结构;陕西对其他客源市场表现出了较强的吸引力;依据结构现状将陕西省入境旅游市场划分为重点市场、基础市场和机会市场,分别提出优化策略。     

对口援疆背景下的新疆入境旅游发展研究

利用年际变动指数、地理集中指数对新疆入境旅游时空演变特征进行定量分析。研究表明:入境旅游呈现人数波动式增长,入境游客中外国游客占主导;入境旅游年际变化较大,客源市场不稳定。利用灰色系统模型GM(1,1)模型对新疆未来五年入境旅游指标进行预测,以期为新疆旅游管理部门和旅游企业提供参考。     

三大都市圈与广西间入境旅游流关联度比较

京津冀、长三角、珠三角是我国三大入境旅游发达区,同时也是我国传统的大型入境口岸地区,不计其数的海外游客以其为中转地向全国各地扩散。广西是旅游业相对滞后但旅游资源丰富的典型代表之一,吸引着众多入境游客。通过对1997-2005年间京津冀、长三角、珠三角三大旅游区入境旅游流向广西扩散转移的数量变化、时间及空间分布集中性及其扩散发展历程的分析,得出结论:京津冀是广西入境旅游发展最大的中转区,长三角入境旅游转移在广西客源结构中排名第二,并保持较好的增长态势;而珠三角虽然向广西转移的入境游客数量最少,但一直保持稳定增长,具有较大发展潜力。     

基于引力模型的港澳台入境游收入影响因素实证研究

本文通过引力模型实证分析,探索各省港澳台入境旅游的客源和收入的影响因素,结果表明入境旅游收入受距离的影响低于目的地提供旅游产品的丰富程度的影响,而入境游收入与各省旅游资源呈现负相关。     

上海入境游客目的地需求特征研究

本文从性别、年龄、国籍、职位、旅游目的等因素,用描述统计、单因素方差分析探究上海入境游客在目的地对旅游景观、娱乐类型、旅游商品种类的需求特征。此外,还探讨了欧美入境游客在商务旅行中对休闲观光需求的差异以及入境游客的目的地形象感知。     

The relationship between leader-member relations,job satisfaction and organizational commitment in international tourist hotels in Taiwan

The tourism industry is an indicator of the degree of internationalization and modernization of a country; and hotels are a key part in the tourism industry. According to studies on foreign tourists to Taiwan, expenses for international hotels make up the major portion of the tourists' total costs. Hence, international hotels play a significant role in the industry. The population for this study is 60 international hotels approved by the Taiwan Tourism Bureau. The sample is formed by 24 of these hotels. A questionnaire survey was conducted and 303 valid replies were received. The research analyzes cause and effect relationships among leader-member relations, as well as organizational commitment and job satisfaction utilizing structural equation modeling. The results show that job satisfaction is the mediating variable between organization commitment and leader-member relations.     

中国农村居民旅游消费的多元线性回归分析

进入新世纪,中国旅游业进入了战略转型时期,由于国际旅游市场竞争日趋激烈与金融危机的冲击,入境游明显受挫以及国内旅游需求日益增长,国内旅游逐渐在我国的旅游市场上占据主导地位。过去,在我国的旅游消费群体中,主要消费群体为城镇居民,因而人们更多地将目光集中在对城镇居民的旅游消费研究上。但近几年来,农村居民的旅游人数和旅游花费也在显著增长。文章通过对我国农村居民旅游消费进行多元线性回归分析,阐述了我国农村居民的旅游消费状况,研究了各种因素对我国农村居民旅游消费的不同影响,为策划国内旅游市场未来的发展提供了可供参考的政策建议,并预测未来的旅游消费情况,试图找到挖掘我国农村居民旅游消费市场的巨大潜力的有力措施。     

International transmission of stock price movements: Evidence from the U.S. and five Asian-Pacific markets

Using a vector autoregressive analysis, this paper examines the structure of international transmissions in daily returns for six national stock markets— the U.S., Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand. Our results generally indicate that (1) the degree of interdependence among national stock markets has increased substantially after the 1987 stock market crash, (2) the U.S. market plays a dominant role of influencing the Pacific-Basin markets, (3) Japan and Singapore together have a significant persistent impact on the other Asian markets, and (4) the markets in Taiwan and Thailand are not efficient in processing international news.     

Reallocation and productivity growth in Japan: revisiting the lost decade of the 1990s

Hayashi and Prescott (Rev Econ Dyn 5(1):206–235, 2002) argue that the ‘lost decade’ of the 1990s in Japan is explained by the slowdown in exogenous TFP growth rates. At the same time, other research suggests that Japanese banks’ support for inefficient firms prolonged recessions by reducing productivity through misallocation of resources. Using the data on large manufacturing firms between 1969 and 1996, the paper attempts to disentangle the factors behind the slowdown in productivity growth during the 1990s. The main results show that there was a significant drop in within-firm productivity, the component that is not affected by reallocation of input and output shares across firms over time, during the 1990s. Although we find that misallocation among large continuing firms represents a substantial drag to overall TFP growth for these firms throughout the sample period, the negative impact of misallocation was least visible during the 1990s. The significant reduction in within-firm productivity growth suggests that, as the Japanese economy has matured, a policy which fosters technological innovations via greater competition, R&D, and fast technological adoption may have become increasingly important in promoting economic growth.

Evaluating corporate image and reputation using fuzzy MCDM approach in airline market

In today’s highly competitive airline market, preferable corporate image is acknowledged as having high potential to impact customer loyalty. Corporate image provides a powerful way of differentiating a company from its competitors and stimulating purchases. In the past, corporate image has been a vague concept and has been difficult to measure quantitatively. A fuzzy MCDM (Multi Criteria Decision Making) model is thus proposed. It can quantify corporate image and reputation so that management can fully comprehend the relative positioning of company in the markets to make informed judgments and marketing strategies. A study of international airlines serving in Taiwan is conducted for verification. The results indicate that safety record and service emerge as the critical factors of the air transport market while the incentives seem to have little attraction for customers.     

An empirical test of individual and institutional trading patterns in Japan, Hong Kong, and Taiwan

We examine the pattern of daily stock returns in Japan, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Our results support the information-processing hypothesis: Average returns on Monday are lower than on other days of the week, particularly when the previous trading day’s return is negative. Our results also support the positive-feedback-trading hypothesis: Daily returns exhibit positive autocorrelation, particularly when the previous trading day’s return is positive. Further analysis reveals that institutional investors (Japan), individual investors (Taiwan), or both (Hong Kong) can cause these patterns. Our findings are consistent with the relative importance of institutional and individual investors in each of these markets. We thank three anonymous reviewers for helpful comments and suggestions.     

Using integrated quality assessment for hotel service quality

In the age of growing foreign tourism, providing excellent quality service at hotels is increasingly more important. Service quality and customer satisfaction have gradually been recognized as key factors used to gain competitive advantage and customer retention. Most companies conducted satisfaction surveys of their customers, with a view of using analysed results to identify attributes of potential improvement. However, this kind improvement decisions on the attributes with a lower satisfaction level needs not to be appropriated. Thus, to achieve higher levels of overall satisfaction with the hotel experience, this study combined four simple methods, including Kano’s model, refined Kano’s model, Importance-Satisfaction model, and the Improvement index, to evaluate two types of hotels. The integrated approach of service quality measurement is based on the importance and satisfaction survey of the quality attributes. The survey, with 24 attributes and service items, were administrated to a random sample of 400 customers at one business hotel and one resort hotel in Taiwan. The strategies of these two kinds of hotels were compared and discussed in this study. On the basis of the key quality attributes identified by employing the integrated approach, which are significantly different from those identified on the basis of a simple satisfaction survey, hotels can make appropriate decisions on specific areas for improvement to further enhance the hotel service quality in Taiwan.     

Audit market structure and related changes in Taiwan: the effects of CPA qualification changes and mergers

There are four material structure changes over the certified public accountants (hereafter the CPA) industry in Taiwan since 1988. They are the relaxation of CPA qualification examinations in 1988, the merger of KPMG and Cooper & Lybrand (C&L) in 1999, the reduction of CPA examination pass rates in 2001, and the merger of T. N. Soong (TNS) and Deloitte & Touche Taiwan (D&TT) in 2003. Thus, this study investigates how the four events make impact on the market concentration of CPA industry and the market competition type. Empirical data are obtained from the Census Report of Public Accounting Firms in Taiwan (1989–2003). Main findings show that the Big international accounting firms dominate the majority of the audit market. Besides, the Big international (or Big Four) market concentration during 1992–1997 is lower than that in other periods after loosing the CPA examination pass rates since 1988. Since tightening up of CPA examination pass rates in 2001, the Big international (or Big Four) market concentration display an increasing trend. Finally, accounting firm mergers in 1999 and 2003 have all contributed to the increase of market concentration of international (or Big Four) accounting firms.     

Intention as a cognitive antecedent to international entrepreneurship��understanding the moderating roles of knowledge and experience

While International Entrepreneurship has attracted scholars’ attention during the last two decades, the impact cognitive aspects exert has been studied on cursory level only. The purpose of this paper was to apply the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to the very field of International Entrepreneurship in order to examine whether this theory contributes to clarify what influences Small and Medium-sized Enterprises’ (SME) decision-makers’ intention—an important cognitive antecedent to behavior—to play an active part in internationalization. In particular, it had to be clarified whether or not International Entrepreneurship—due to its contextual specificities—deserves to be extended by further elements, i.e. experience and knowledge. Based on more than 100 responses from German SME executives, the study yielded several interesting results. First, TPB indeed helps explain how intentions to actively participate in international business are built. Second, an extension of the theory’s basic model seems to make sense, probably due to the specificities of international entrepreneurial behavior. As for the extensions, direct and moderating effects have been observed. Furthermore, cognitive elements seem to be key entrepreneurial resources which serve as sort of enablers. From these results several conclusions can be drawn. Cognitive aspects are a promising starting point for understanding decision-making in SME. Thus, the intersection of international entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial cognition deserves further attention—several examples for possible future studies are presented. Policies supporting SME should be extended: pure resource-based approaches seem to be insufficient. Furthermore, entrepreneurship courses and curricula should reflect the relevance of cognitive aspects.     

The moral–emotional foundations of political discourse: a comparative analysis of the speech records of the U.S. and the Japanese legislatures

There is a growing body of research that focuses on the supposedly close association between an individual’s moral–emotional behavior and his/her political ideology. A prominent example is Haidt’s “moral psychology,” which claims that political liberals and conservatives draw on mutually different sets of moral foundations. However, this and other arguments, which have mostly been advanced in the social context of the United States, lack a comparative perspective. In this study, we examine these arguments in broader spatio-temporal settings by way of a comparative analysis of public deliberations in the U.S. and Japanese legislatures. More specifically, with the help of well-established moral- and emotional-word dictionaries, and employing advanced computational techniques for systematic data collection, we analyze a large volume of speech data that records floor debates over decades in the U.S. Congress and the Japanese Diet to derive longitudinal moral–emotional dynamics. We then use multilevel modeling to regress the derived moral–emotional patterns of legislative deliberations in each country on various covariates to locate possible drivers of these patterns. The results of these analyses reveal more qualified relationships between a moral–emotional framework and political ideology than preceding arguments have suggested, casting serious doubt on the widespread tendency in the literature to quickly rely on an ideological explanation. The findings suggest the need for a more comprehensive approach to handling moral–emotional phenomena in political science.