耕地红线与生态红线概念比较

<正>党的十八届三中全会首次明确提出,划定"生态红线",建设生态文明,建立系统、完整的生态文明制度体系,用制度保护生态环境的要求。对比内涵已相对清晰的"耕地红线","生态红线"的相关制度及概念仍在进一步探索中。笔者认为通过"生态红线"与"耕地红线"相关基础性概念的比较与判断,进一步明确"生态红线"的概念、特征与操作对策,可为下一步开展"生态红线"的相关研究做好理论铺垫。     

县域土地生态空间管控红线划定的方法研究 ——以江苏省金坛区为例

研究目的:以江苏省金坛区为例,基于斑块—基质—廊道生态网格,探讨县域土地生态空间管控红线划定的方法,以期提升区域生态功能,为其他区域土地生态空间管控红线划定提供方法借鉴。研究方法:采用最小累积阻力模型构建阻力面,采用最小路径法识别出潜在生态廊道,并基于重力模型最终确定重要生态廊道。研究结果:金坛区形成了主次分明、点线面要素齐全的土地生态空间管控红线区域,面积占金坛区总面积的44.58%,其中金坛区重点保护区域占金坛区总面积的23.67%,并以此形成了源头严防、过程严管、责任追究的红线管控制度体系。研究结论:基于斑块—基质—廊道生态网格划定的县域土地生态空间管控红线,可为区域土地生态保护提供重要参考。     

县域生态红线的划定与管控机制——以浙江省义乌市为例

正生态红线的划定,对预防和控制土地开发利用行为对生态环境功能的破坏、构建生态安全格局具有重要作用。现有对生态红线的研究主要集中在生态红线内涵界定、生态红线区内非生态用地效益定量化分析、生态红线与耕地保护等其他保护红线的比较等方面,基本上是理论探究较多,具体实证研究不足。笔者拟在对生态用地识别的基础上,采用与相关规划衔接的方法,借助于ARCGIS空间分     

基于试点经验的一般生态空间认知及其用途管制框架初探

研究目的：基于自然生态空间用途管制试点成果,形成对“一般生态空间”的基本认知,通过梳理“三区三线”落地后面临的新困境,探索构建一般生态空间用途管制框架。研究方法：理论分析法和归纳演绎法。研究结果：（1）一般生态空间位于自然生态空间范围,起到生态保护红线以外“缓冲区”的作用,其结构、格局和功能表现出干预性、破碎化和复合型特征;（2）一般生态空间在“三区三线”落地实施过程中将面临管制规则粗放、模式扁平、机制僵化等新困境;（3）结合“两统一”职责,围绕“法律基础—基本原则—实施路径”三方面梳理了一般生态空间用途管制框架的构建理念,提出了面向空间关系的延展性、因时因地制宜的精细化、践行两山理论的转向式三点创新视角。研究结论：本文首次界定了国内一般生态空间的内涵,但当前“三线”之外区域的管制思路并不明朗,应通过对相关政策的动态跟踪、反馈和调整,建立更综合更立体更弹性的管控模式。     

基于多智能体的城市生态保护红线多情景模拟

生态红线划定是城市可持续发展的基础,目前的生态红线划定主要采用国家生态红线划分标准来进行,没有考虑与城市建设用地空间的相互协调,为了解决这一问题,以多智能体系统理论为基础构建"城市建设用地—生态保护红线"协调的决策模型,协调城市建设发展与生态环境保护的现实需要,确定不同保护和发展模式下的城市生态红线。以鄂州市作为研究区域进行实验,模拟了不同生态保护模式下的生态保护红线划定情况,结果表明在生态红线划定中考虑多主体的决策因素有助于协调优化城市生态环境保护与城市发展的矛盾。     

基于适度边界的“三线”冲突融合研究 ——以徐州市为例

研究目的：构建“三线”（永久基本农田保护红线、生态保护红线和城镇开发边界）冲突融合研究框架,基于适度边界化解“三线”冲突,为调控城市扩张、优化国土空间布局提供参考。研究方法：空间叠加分析识别“三线”冲突、价值测算模型、空间插值法提取适度边界。研究结果：（1）理论分析表明,“三线”冲突可划分为农田—建设型、生态—建设型和生态—农田型,基于价值均衡原理推荐适度边界作为化解“三线”冲突的空间界线;（2）在徐州市城镇开发边界内,农田—建设型冲突面积为34.06 km2,生态—建设型冲突面积为25.56 km2,生态—农田型冲突面积为4.60 km2,适度边界内的冲突区域（38.39 km2）应保留建设用地,其余冲突区域（21.33 km2）建议保留永久基本农田保护红线和生态保护红线;（3）冲突融合得到2025年徐州市城镇开发边界内永久基本农田保护红线、生态保护红线和建设用地的面积分别为55.21 km2、76.63 km2和378.54 km2。研究结论：本文基于价值均衡原理,采用适度边界解决“三线”冲突的新思路和研究结果,能够为区域国土空间规划提供定量参考和决策依据。     

自然生态空间用途管制分区划定研究——以平潭岛为例

研究目的:在明确自然生态空间内涵和分类的基础上,探讨自然生态空间用途管制分区划定的逻辑框架和技术方法,提出自然生态空间分类、分级管制规则。研究方法:文献综述与GIS空间分析。研究结果:根据不同自然生态系统类型及其空间分布特征将自然生态空间类型划分为森林生态空间、草地生态空间、湿地生态空间和荒地生态空间;基于景观功能识别并按不同管控等级将自然生态空间管制类型区划分为红线区、橙线区和黄线区;同时,依据不同地块主要功能进一步确定自然生态空间用途管制分级,划定用途管制分区结果。研究结论:基于"区域主体功能—景观主导功能—地块主要功能"的自然生态空间管制分区划定逻辑框架,可为构建以功能分类、用途分区、管控分级为导向的自然生态空间用途管制体系提供理论依据和实践借鉴。     

中国耕地保护制度70年：历史嬗变、现实探源及路径优化

研究目的:解构中华人民共和国成立以来中国耕地保护制度的嬗变过程,凝练政策演化的综合归因和隐性规律,廓清新时代耕地保护方向。研究方法:归纳演绎法和理论分析法。研究结果:(1)中国耕地保护制度经历了"意识觉醒—概念深化—制度发展—转型完善"的过程;(2)耕地保护制度的内涵变革呈现出从"数量"转变为"数量+质量",再跃迁到"数量+质量+生态"三位一体的均衡管理,完成了由"国策—基本国策—生命线—红线"的地位进阶;(3)耕地保护的现实障碍主要源于行政体制、资源本底、质量风险和生态健康4大逻辑本体。研究结论:耕地保护面临体制效能发挥不充分和区域空间不均衡的新矛盾,应加快形成"多元共同体+制度平台+科学测算+监管体系+学理认知"的耕地结构域保护多维交互优化路径,支撑新时代耕地保护政策体系的发育成长。     

基于反事实框架的生态保护红线政策成效评估 ——以宁波市为例

研究目的：检验生态保护红线是否具有维护生态系统服务的政策成效。研究方法：建立基于反事实框架的政策评估逻辑，集成InVEST模型、分组回归和断点回归，评估宁波生态保护红线的政策成效。研究结果：（1）在空间反事实维度上，无论是生态保护红线政策实施前、后，生态系统服务在红线保护区保持稳定，由红线保护区向红线保护区外出现明显的下降“跳跃”效应。（2）在时间反事实维度上，政策实施前，红线保护区生境质量和水源涵养均值比红线保护区外分别高0.060和56.71；政策实施将两者差距分别提升至0.062和62.09，而水土保持在红线保护区内外的差距缩小。（3）基于空间—时间双维反事实逻辑的政策评估部分地证实了生态保护红线对维护生态系统服务的积极成效。（4）宁波生态保护红线的政策成效得益于其特殊的“以山为基”红线格局和对红线管制的时空衔接。研究结论：生态保护红线对维护生态系统服务具有一定成效，但受区域地表环境和政策管控方式制约，需因地制宜制定管控策略和推进红线保护区内外的管理衔接。     

RS和GIS支持下的县域生态红线划定技术研究——以四川省汶川县为例

"生态保护红线"是我国在生态保护领域的一项制度创新,"生态保护红线"的划定对维护我国生态安全具有重要战略意义。目前,我国"生态保护红线"的划定工作尚处于起步状态,在此背景下,采用遥感技术(RS)与空间信息技术(GIS)相结合的方法,以汶川县为例,研究县域尺度下的生态红线划定技术,研究结果表明,占汶川县辖区面积的62%属于生态功能红线保护范围。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.