Using Content Analysis to Understand the Consumer Movement

Drawing on the work of Jenkins and Perrow, a content analysis of information in the New York Times Index is examined to analyze the environment of the consumer movement in the United States over a fourteen-year period. The results suggest that a fundamental change has occurred in the movement, with less visible activism and less overt business support being provided.     

食品可追溯体系中的消费者行为研究:一个文献综述

随着疯牛病等食品质量与安全问题的爆发,生产者、消费者和政府对食品质量与安全问题高度关注,用以解决食品质量安全问题并恢复消费者对食品质量与安全信任的食品可追溯体系逐步出现,目前已在全球范围内初步形成。为了探究消费者对食品可追溯体系的接受度与期望、支付意愿以及食品可追溯体系在消费者购买决策中的作用,国外学者对食品可追溯体系中的消费者行为进行了大量的研究。这些文献为我们理解消费者对食品可追溯体系的需求与期望,从而积极推进本国食品可追溯体系的发展具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。     

基于消费行为变化的员工福利激励模式研究

知识经济的到来,传统的福利模式逐渐失去了激励作用。本文从消费行为变化的角度出发,分析了消费行为变化的趋势,指出弹性福利可以适应这种变化的原因,并对弹性福利模式的设计实施进行了初步研究。     

The Consumer Costs of Food Certification: A Pilot Study and Research Opportunities

Certification labels have become a ubiquitous feature on food products across grocery store shelves. Although it is widely acknowledged that certified products often garner higher prices than their noncertified competition, less is known regarding what those price differences are based on, and what the personal, political, or ethical implications are for consumers. This research note argues for greater attention to the implications of certified food prices—which we conceptualize as the “consumer costs” of food certification. The paper discusses the theoretical linkages between food certifications and prices, and outlines the resulting consumer costs of which we are concerned. Through a pilot study in Salt Lake City, Utah, we investigate prices found on certified grocery store rice, and consider the causes and implications of the consumer costs of food certification.     

A Content Analysis of Animation and Animated Spokes-Characters in Television Commercials

Abstract

This study employed content analysis to examine animation and animated spokes-characters in television advertising. The majority of spokes-characters observed in this study were humans, animal personifications, or product personifications. Characters were more likely to speak for the product than provide visual demonstration although they did both in more than half the cases. There were far more non-celebrity than celebrity spokes-characters, and a large majority of them were male. Significant differences were found in the use of animation across dayparts, program types, product classes and product categories. Although no increase was evident in the use of animation since the last study was completed, there was evidence to suggest that the role of animation has been changing in the past decade. Findings indicate that animated spokes-characters are being used more often to present high involvement products to adult audiences.     

A Content Analysis of the Portrayal of Mature Individuals in Television Commercials

This inquiry analyzed the extent to which television commercials used mature models, relative to younger models. It also analyzed the extent to which commercials portrayed the elderly in a favorable or an unfavorable manner. The study used content analysis to test twelve hypotheses. The authors arrived at conclusions relating to the depiction of mature individuals in television commercials and set forth various recommendations to advertisers, based on the analysis.     

中国股市对居民消费行为影响的实证分析

本文采用协整方法,运用G ranger因果检验方法考察股票价格、居民收入和消费的关系,定量分析了我国股票价格变化对居民消费的影响。实证研究表明:收入水平是影响居民消费的最重要因素;我国股市在全样本期并没有显著的财富效应,当样本期从1996年开始选取时,股市呈现出一定的财富效应,但较微弱,其MPC值仅为0.06左右。     

Social Consumer Neuroscience: Neurophysiological Measures of Advertising Effectiveness in a Social Context

The application of neurophysiological methods to study the effects of advertising on consumer purchase behavior has seen an enormous growth in recent years. However, little is known about the role social settings have on shaping the human brain during the processing of advertising stimuli. To address this issue, we first review previous key findings of neuroscience research on advertising effectiveness. Next, we discuss traditional advertising research into the effects social context has on the way consumers experience advertising messages and explain why marketers, who aim to predict advertising effectiveness, should place participants in social settings, in addition to the traditional ways of studying consumer brain responses to advertising in social isolation. This article contributes to the literature by offering advertising researchers a series of research agendas on the key indicators of advertising effectiveness (attention, emotion, memory, and preference). It aims to improve understanding of the impact social context has on consumers' neurophysiological responses to advertising messages.     

Consumer Responses to Product Placement in Television Sitcoms: Genre,Sex, and Consumption

The paper presents a study of consumer responses to products placed in a sitcom, “Ads R’ Us,” created as a stimulus to ascertain the influence of a television program’s genre and male/female respondents’ sex on responses. Textual analysis is used to analyze sitcoms, a category of programs created in accordance with genre conventions, the structural framework that influences responses to media vehicles. First‐generation feminist reading theory, which challenged the patriarchal assumptions mostly unquestioned in the US until the early 1960s, is used to analyze responses produced by second‐generation respondents, who came of age a generation later, after the women’s liberation movement led to socio‐cultural changes. The study draws from multidisciplinary theory and integrates stimulus‐side/response‐side research to enhance understanding of the text‐context‐consumer relationship. Findings indicate that second‐generation responses to placed products are problematized by the coexistence of patriarchal and feminist perspectives that color male/female readings of sitcoms.     

Courting Women Using Sports Marketing: A Content Analysis of the US Open

As surprising as it may sound, sales to the female sports market are almost equal to sales to the male sports market. Also, an increasing percentage of viewers of various broadcast sports events consist of females, even in male-dominant sports like football and baseball. Couple these with the increasing role that females play in purchasing decisions for a variety of products, and sports marketing emerges as an effective vehicle to reach this lucrative market. To investigate the extent to which marketers are taking advantage of this promotion strategy, a two-step project was conducted. First, gender differences with regard to advertising were delineated based on an extensive literature review. Second, a content analysis of commercials shown during the men's and women's tennis final in the 1990 US Open was performed. The results of the content analysis were contrasted with the expected findings indicated by the literature review. Only one product was found to be specifically targeted to women. Moreover, very few differences were found between the advertising strategy in both finals. The results indicate that to a large extent, marketers are not taking advantage of sports marketing targeted to women, and continue to use sports marketing to target the traditional male sports fan.     

消费物价上涨背景下的低收入者财政补贴研究——基于2007与2006的比较分析

本文在模拟低收入者效用函数的基础上,运用补偿性变化、等价性变化和消费者剩余变化,衡量了消费物价上涨对低收入者的影响。实证显示:低收入者2007年的效用等价于在2006年的物价水平下减少可支配收入125.2887元。如果财政补贴的目标是让低收入者的效用回到消费物价上涨前的水平,则需对低收入者补贴130.7842元;如果财政补贴的目标是弥补低收入者因消费物价上涨而减少的消费者剩余,则应对低收入者补贴128.3211元。     

Easy-Come-Easy-Go: Moral Hazard in the Context of Return to Education

This empirical study advances the understanding of the theory of investment in human capital by outlining limitations to its applicability in the context of return to education. The study uses the concept of moral hazard to examine circumstances when financial support for education purpose generates less desirable post-graduation incomes. This study explores the relationship between financial support and post-graduation incomes using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation that is designed to measure the economic situation of individuals. Results suggest that students are less likely to engage in moral hazardous behavior to the degree to which they are older and to the degree to which they receive costlier financial assistance.     

Celebrity Endorsements in Advertisements and Consumer Perceptions: A Cross-Cultural Study

ABSTRACT

We studied consumer perceptions of celebrity endorsements from a cross-cultural perspective. In empirically examining consumer perception of celebrity endorsement, we used Hofstede's cultural dimensions to develop research propositions and examined these propositions through focus group discussions involving consumers from India and the United States. Findings indicated that specific differences and similarities exist in how consumers across India and the United States perceive celebrity endorsements. There is a positive, although moderate, impact of celebrity endorsements on attention and exposure of consumers. Implications for marketers as well as suggestions for future research are discussed.     

Consumer Responses to Homosexual Imagery in Advertising: A Meta-Analysis

Rising support for the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community, paired with the considerable buying power of this group, has triggered increasing interest from marketers in the gay and lesbian market. Many companies have developed advertising with homosexual imagery to better target this group as well as the mainstream market. The findings on the persuasive effects of homosexual imagery are mixed and do not provide insights on whether and when homosexual imagery in advertising supports persuasion. To resolve the inconsistencies in findings of prior research, this article presents a meta-analysis on the effects of homosexual imagery. The integrated effect size suggests that the net persuasive effect between homosexual and heterosexual imagery does not differ. We find, however, that homosexual consumers show negative responses to heterosexual imagery. Furthermore, the moderator analysis suggests that incongruence between imagery, consumer characteristics, cultural values, explicitness of imagery, endorser gender, and product type results in unfavorable responses to homosexual advertising imagery. These findings provide guidelines for future research and implications for advertisers who intend to address consumers of various sexual orientations.     

Finding the Keys to Creativity in Ad Agencies: Using Climate,Dispersion, and Size to Examine Award Performance

This paper develops a framework to examine how ad agencies can continuously generate creative output, where creative output estimated by ad agencies winning awards over time. The data are collected from 68 Dutch ad agencies with a total of 1,450 clients over a four-year period in the Netherlands. Findings show that ad agencies with creative climates high in both organizational encouragement and workload pressure but low in both work group support and sufficient resources predicts why ad agencies win awards over time. In addition, ad agencies with a portfolio of clients that consists of market leaders and that operate within a limited amount of industries (limited heterogeneity) also predict creative award propensity and momentum over time. Suggestions for future research are offered.     

我国营销学界理论研究主题重心的形成——基于学术论文的内容分析

我国营销学从引进到创新发展已经经历了30年的理论演进过程.本文以1994~2008年期间我国12本重要核心学术期刊刊载的348篇主要营销研究论文为依据,采用结构化的聚类和内容分析的方法,对我国营销学界理论研究的阶段性演进及其主题重心的形成进行了梳理,发现我国营销学界理论研究在经历了高科技产业(产品)营销、绿色营销、知识营销、网络营销、体验营销、全球营销等阶段性主题重心之后,正逐渐聚焦到品牌管理、关系营销、营销渠道、消费者行为、服务营销等理论主题,并分析了我国营销学主题研究的现状及趋势.     

Content Analysis of Secondary Data: A Study of Courage in Managerial Decision Making

Empirical studies in business ethics often rely on self-reported data, but this reliance is open to criticism. Responses to questionnaires and interviews may be influenced by the subject's view of what the researcher might want to hear, by a reluctance to talk about sensitive ethical issues, and by imperfect recall. This paper reviews the extent to which published research in business ethics relies on interviews and questionnaires, and then explores the possibilities of using secondary data, such as company documents and newspaper reports, as a source for empirical studies in applied ethics. A specific example is then discussed, describing the source material, the method, the development of the research questions, and the way in which reliability and validity were established. In the example, content analysis was used to examine the extent to which the executive virtue of courage was observed or called for in items published in four international daily newspapers, and to explore the meaning which was attributed to "courage" in the papers.     

论尹世杰以人为本的消费经济思想

尹世杰教授是我国消费经济学的主要创始人之一,今年是他的八十华诞,也是他从事理论研究六十周年.几十年来他在理论的园地勤奋耕耘,著作等身,虽年届八旬,还笔耕不止,令人肃然起敬.尹世杰教授的消费经济思想十分丰富,笔者认为,以人为本的消费经济思想,是他的消费经济思想的一条主线,也是他的学说的一大特色.本文就从尹世杰教授的以人为本的消费经济思想,作一初步探讨.