外商直接投资、知识产权保护与发展中国家的社会福利--兼论发展中国家的引资战略

本文在一个由发达国家企业和发展中国家企业所构成的寡头垄断的产量竞争模型中 ,考察了在发达国家企业所进行的产品创新型R&D投资具有溢出效应的情况下 ,发达国家企业对发展中国家的外商直接投资 (FDI)所产生的福利效果。本文发现 ,即使发展中国家拥有生产成本相对低廉的优势 ,发达国家企业对发展中国家的FDI也只有在溢出效应较小时才可能发生。但这种情况下的FDI也可能损害发展中国家的同类竞争企业 ,甚至损害发展中国家的社会福利。当然 ,以上结论并不意味着引进外资必然损害发展中国家的利益 ,外资引进对发展中国家所产生的福利效果 ,在很大程度上取决于FDI的性质 (产品市场的所在国 )、发展中国家成本优势的大小以及它对知识产权的保护力度等因素。     

Endogenous fluctuations with procyclical R&D

The literature on endogenous growth cycles predicts the countercyclical allocation of resources to R&D. However, this prediction is not supported by empirical studies. This study considers the R&D-based growth model with endogenous fluctuations introducing population growth and a negative externality that affects the productivity of R&D. We show that this simple modification makes R&D investment procyclical along sustained business cycles using both an overlapping generation framework and an infinitely-lived agent framework.     

国际直接投资与开放型内生经济增长

本文应用内生经济增长理论框架 ,着重就国际直接投资 (FDI)对高收入国家、中收入国家和低收入国家三种不同类型国家经济增长的影响进行理论和实证分析 ,认为FDI能内生技术溢出和技术进步 ,从而成为内生经济增长的重要源泉。本文对 65个样本国家的实证研究结果表明 ,FDI流入增长对高收入的发达国家经济增长作用比对中低收入发展中国家作用更明显。但FDI流入增长对我国经济增长和全要素生产率增长具有明显促进作用 ,其原因与FDI流入规模和我国的人力资本水平有关     

Corporate Tax Incentives for R&D Investment in OECD Countries

Differentiating internal equity from debt finance, this study examines the generosity of R&D-specific tax incentives in OECD countries based on an NPV model. The corporate tax system generally favours debt finance and some previous findings on the possible preponderance of internal equity for financing R&D investment cannot be explained in relation to R&D-specific tax concessions. The OECD comparison demonstrates that R&D tax allowances adopted in the Czech Republic, Belgium, the UK, Denmark, Hungary, Austria and Australia generated the most substantial tax savings in 2006. Combined with such incentives, the after-tax NPV increases with the corporate tax rate, suggesting stronger investment stimulation through a tax-rate-increase-cum-base-broadening policy.     

对外直接投资对母国就业影响的文献综述

对外直接投资是否会引起母国就业的转移,部门资本是否向外转移而造成国内在国民经济中的地位弱化,进而导致产业结构不合理,是对外直接投资相关研究的重点问题。本文通过相关文献梳理,总结对外投资对就业替代、就业创造、就业结构优化和就业质量及结构的影响,为后期学者提供借鉴。     

中国对外直接投资探析

发展对外直接投资是发展外向型经济的主要途径之一 ,是经济全球化不可逆转的趋势。文章在对中国发展对外直接投资驱动作用及必要性深入探讨的基础上 ,用翔实的数据对中国对外直接投资的现状进行了定性与定量相结合的分析 ,全面展示了中国对外直接投资概貌 ,对探讨大力发展中国对外直接投资具有现实意义     

Foreign Direct Investment Determinants in OECD and Developing Countries

In this paper we examine the foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow determinants in 24 Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) and 22 developing (non‐OECD) countries over 1980–2012, using the standard fixed effects as well as a dynamic panel approach. The most robust finding is that lagged FDI, market size, gross capital formation and corporate taxation significantly affect FDI inflows in OECD countries. We also examine a group of developing countries, taking into consideration the increased share of world FDI inflows that developing countries have attracted, and compare the results. In this case, lagged FDI, market size, labor cost and institutional variables provide the most robust results. The empirical results have important policy implications indicating the factors that host economies should emphasize in order to attract FDI inflows.     

Foreign Direct Investment and Labor Quality in Developing Countries

The quality of local labor is an important factor in a multinational corporation's (MNC) decision to set up production operations in a developing country. It is often observed that developing country governments attempt to attract MNCs by enhancing labor quality. This paper studies the interaction between an MNC and a local government which has superior information on local labor quality. The local government has an incentive to enhance the labor quality and share that information with the MNC because it increases both its net tax revenue and profit of the MNC. The paper provides an explanation for recent findings of FDI in developing countries: the bulk of FDI has been directed toward a limited number of countries and human capital plays an increasingly important role in attracting FDI.     

The Interaction of Foreign Direct Investment with Electronic Commerce in Less Developed Countries

This paper argues that the international growth of e-commerce (whether business–business, business–consumer or consumer–business) can increase a critical technology infrastructure gap that disadvantages less-developed countries (LDCs) in their future e-commerce participation. This gap is linked to the type as well as the volume of foreign direct investment (FDI) which economies at different levels of development attract. The macro technical, legal and socio-economic problems that entwine FDI inflow and e-commerce growth in LDCs, reducing e-commerce attractiveness and also making FDI less attractive, are classified. Governments must recognise this interdependence, pin-point the types of macro constraints operating in their particular economy that curb FDI in e-commerce attracting investment and prioritise the desirability and incentives offered to the various types of FDI infrastructure.     

The Size of Firms and R&D Investment

We construct an industry-equilibrium model in which it is costly for consumers who have previously purchased from one firm to switch to competitors. This gives firms a certain degree of market power over their established customers. The equilibria we identify under these conditions have the following properties: (1) there is a nontrivial size distribution of firms, although firms are intrinsically identical, (2) larger firms make higher profits, (3) larger firms spend more on R&D, (4) larger firms charge (on average) lower prices, and (5) profits are positively correlated over time. These properties match empirical regularities concerning the manufacturing and retail sectors in the U.S. economy.     

Endogenous protection of R&D investments

Abstract .  We examine firms' incentives to protect their non-cooperative R&D investments from spilling over to competitors. We show that, contrary to findings in most of the literature, the lack of full appropriability can lead to an increase in R&D investments. Consequently, as long as the R&D spillovers are not too strong, firms decide to let their R&D knowledge flow. Since, as we show, welfare is higher when R&D spillovers are present, it follows that public policies that promote the dissemination of technological knowledge could be welfare-enhancing.     

Foreign Direct Investment,Financial Development and Their Impact on the GDP Growth in Low-income Countries

ABSTRACT

This essay empirically studies the effects and causal links between foreign direct investment (FDI), financial development (FD) and economic growth. The sample consists of the main economies of low-income countries and the study covers the period 1990–2015. The results of the estimate show that, under certain specific economic conditions, FDI affects positively the level of long-term economic growth; it thus makes it possible to improve the economic situation of these countries. Using Johansen’s cointegration technique, the results find that FD; FDI and GDP growth are cointegrated, that shows the pursuit of the long-term equilibrium relationship between them. The error correction model confirms the existence of a double causal relationship between FDI and GDP growth, and between FD and FDI and between GDP growth and FD.     

不同来源跨国资本在中国FDI的比较研究

文章对美国、欧盟、日本、新加坡、中国香港、中国台湾等中国大陆最主要的投资来源国和地区的跨国公司在华投资的决定因素进行鉴别和分析,对比了在中国投资的不同来源跨国公司的投资规模、销售分布和本土化战略、投资区位分布、产业分布和投资绩效。文章认为,无论不同来源国家和地区的跨国公司进入中国市场是出于何种目的都将不断扩大其在中国的市场份额,增加和巩固与中国的经济联系,以及在投资区位选择上,除东部之外将继续扩大在中部和西部的投资。     

The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Poland's Trade with the European Union

Over 75% of FDI in Poland originates from the EU. The EU also predominates in the exports and imports of FDI companies. The objective of this article is to examine whether FDI is likely to replace trade or to create new trade flows. In particular, the article shows the influence of FDI on Poland's trade with the EU. The FDI impact on Polish trade can be seen as its contribution to export creation. Moreover, externalities caused by trade and FDI inflow are influencing Polish specialisation patterns, which is important in the process of integrating the economy into the world market.     

发展中国家对外直接投资对母国技术进步的影响：研究综述

本文从发展中国家整体与中国个体两个层面,对发展中国家对外直接投资和母国技术进步的关系的国内外研究文献进行了梳理,从理论和实证方面分别对对外直接投资影响母国技术进步的动力、机理及效应进行了归纳。最后,提出一个有关对外直接投资影响母国技术进步的分析框架。     

The Causality Between R&D And Investment

The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between R&D expenditure and investment in machinery and equipment in order to test for causality. New growth theory emphasises the role of R&D in creating blueprints needed to produce new capital goods implicitly assuming causality running from R&D to investment. Other recent studies using firm level data have investigated the relationship between innovative activity and investment in fixed capital. In this paper we use aggregate data from the US economy on R&D expenditure in the industrial sector and aggregate investment in machinery and equipment. Standard Granger causality tests, together with the Hsiao version, are then performed, showing that causality runs from R&D to investment. In addition we perform a cointegration analysis allowing a test of possible long-run feedbacks. This dynamic representation shows that any feedback between investment and R&D is only significant in the long run.     

外商直接投资对中国就业总量的影响——理论与实证分析

比较国内投资与外国投资、增量FDI与存量FDI对中国就业总量的不同影响得出,单位国内资本比国外资本、单位存量FDI比增量FDI具有更高的就业促进作用。     

中国对外直接投资的产业目标选择

当前,在国家实施“走出去”的开放战略,鼓励国内企业开展境外投资相关政策的推动下,中国的非金融类境外企业和对外企业投资取得了重大进展。截止1999年全年新批境外非金融类企业310家,与1998年（309）相比,数量基本相同;新批境外企业和投资项目的中方协议投资额为6．19亿美元,增幅达131．8％。现在,中国的非金融类境外企业总数已达5976家,协议投资总额达104亿美元,其中中方协议投资额为69．5亿美元。上述境外企业及境外投资行业包括：贸易、交通运输、旅游、承包劳务、咨询、工业生产加工、农业及农产品综合开发、资源开发等。但是,目前我国境外投资金额仅占世界对外直接投资总量的0．15％,与我国经济大国的身份很不相称;吸引外资与对投资的比例为1：0．09,不仅大大低于发达国家1：1．14的平均水平,也低于世界平均水平1：1．1,甚至低于发展中国家的1：0．13的水平,可以说,我国的对外直接投资尚处于起步阶段。随着我国经济的不断发展,以及迎接加入WTO后的挑战,有选择、有重点、有步骤地扩大对外投资,加快国内产业结构和经济调整,充分利用两种资源、两个市场,是当前我们培育新的出口增长点的迫切需要。     

Foreign and domestic R&D investment

A considerable share of R&D investment is due to multinational firms that simultaneously operate R&D bases at home and abroad. We develop a simple model of foreign and domestic R&D investment and test the model's predictions on a sample of 146 Japanese multinational firms’ R&D investments in Japan and the United States in 1996. The empirical results confirm that the foreign to domestic R&D ratio depends on relative technological opportunities and relative demand conditions, with foreign research expenditures responding to technological opportunity and foreign development expenditures responding to demand.