THE INTRODUCTION OF COMPETITION POLICY IN AUSTRALIA: THE ROLE OF RON BANNERMAN

The 1965 legislation to curb restrictive trade practices has been widely regarded as weak. By contrast, the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) has been considered as providing the platform for a more comprehensive competition policy. This paper argues that the 1965–67 and 1971 Acts were more effective than has been commonly recognised in raising awareness about the extent of restrictive trade practices, discrediting price agreements and laying the foundations for the 1974 Act. The role of Ron Bannerman, the sole Commissioner of Trade Practices, was critical to their success. This paper uses parliamentary debates, Bannerman's published works and an interview with him undertaken in early 2005.     

WELFARE, ENTERPRISE, AND ABORIGINAL COMMUNITY: THE CASE OF THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN KIMBERLEY REGION, 1968–96

This article traces the development of Aboriginal-controlled businesses and their ability to access land, labour, and finance in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. It investigates the influence of the development policies on Aboriginal commercial operations. Among other things, the implementation of a new policy – beginning in the early 1970s – saw the handing over by the state of large tracts of land, and the provision of labour and finance to Aboriginal interests. The article analyses the tension between land and enterprise as a welfare measure and as a means of commercial endeavour.     

我国对外贸易就业效应的区域差异分析——基于省级面板数据的检验

本文利用1978～2004年的省级面板数据,将我国划分为东、中、西三大区域,考察了对外贸易的就业效应。结果表明,出口对国内就业具有显著的正向影响,进口对国内就业具有地区性差异;长期来说,不能以出口为导向来解决我国的就业问题,调整进口商品的结构,对解决就业具有十分重要的意义;我国存在着严重的资本替代劳动现象,应该发展劳动密集型产业;1997年的亚洲金融危机对我国就业造成了显著的负面影响。这表明,解决我国的就业不能脱离其他一系列宏观经济政策,需要将对外贸易政策、产业政策和汇率政策纳入同一个分析框架中进行。     

不同贸易政策目标下中美外贸发展的特点研究

中国对外贸易的大半壁江山是由外资企业占据。导致这一结果的主要原因在于我国对外贸易政策目标一直存在着定位不当的问题。本文力图通过借鉴九十年代初美国政府及时调整对外贸易政策目标，重新巩固其经济霸主地位的做法，为进一步完善我国对外贸易政策目标提出政策性建议。     

Transition of China＇s Diplomacy and Foreign Relations

The present paper focuses on the transformation of China＇s foreign affairs. The transformation is closely associated with and mutually reinforced by the developmental changes that have taken place in China. China＇s strong economic focus has had a profound effect on its foreign relations and international strategies. With sustained growth over the past three decades （1978-2008）, China has become an important member of the world community. In particular, its influence has been growing in the Asia-Pacific area. China＇s unique developmental model and path are recognized and scrutinized worldwide. The present paper discusses special aspects of foreign aid and also explores the changes in principles of and approaches taken in the application of foreign aid policies. Under dual external and internal pressure, China has to constantly adjust, renew and improve its approach to diplomatic and international relations.     

'LAYIN' LOW AND SAYIN' NUFFIN': AUSTRALIA'S POLICY TOWARDS BRITAIN'S SECOND BID TO JOIN THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (1966–67)

This article examines the problems and challenges which confronted the Australian government in its response to Britain's second attempt to join the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1967. While an adequate body of literature exists on Australia's policy towards Britain's first application to the EEC (1961–63), the Australian government's response to the 1967 bid has been completely ignored by historians. This article, therefore, aims to make a historical contribution to the understanding of Australia's policy towards Britain's 'turn to Europe'.     

CUBA'S SOCIAL POLICY AFTER THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE SOVIET UNION: SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AS LEGITIMACY OF THE REGIME AND ITS ECONOMIC EFFECTIVENESS

Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Cuba has experienced a severe economic crisis, and the country's social policy has played an important role in showing the people a raison‐d'ětre for the revolution. This role has become even stronger in recent years, as internal and external actors demand political reforms and economic liberalization. This article first examines the Cuban government's use of social development to counter the demands for changes. It then looks at the extent that government social policy contributes economically to improving the Cuban living standard. The article demonstrates empirically how the leadership emphasizes their social accomplishments whenever demands for change come, and then shows that after the suspension of Soviet aid, Cuban social policy has been able to provide services mainly by relying on human capital and reducing quality materially because of the shortage of foreign reserves. This has limited the economic effectiveness of the services.     

我国对外贸易对产业结构优化影响的实证分析

经济全球化条件下,对外贸易是影响一国产业结构优化的最重要和最基本的外部因素。出口贸易能够获取产业规模经济效应并改善资源结构、拓展国际市场和增加国民收入;进口贸易可以弥补国内产业结构失衡、提升产业的投入产出效率、改善要素资源的存量和结构、有助于观念变革和制度创新,这些最终都将推动一国产业结构不断优化。一国政府应通过产业政策和贸易政策的制定与调整,积极推动产业结构的优化。目前我国可以通过优化对外贸易结构、大力发展服务贸易和促进加工贸易的转型与升级等措施促进产业结构的优化。     

全球疫情冲击下的我国央行最优货币政策选择

在全球新冠病毒疫情冲击下，外国需求降低和国际大宗商品价格波动对我国实体经济造成了冲击，文章通过构建包含贸易和非贸易两部门的开放经济DSGE模型，利用脉冲响应和福利分析研究央行"双政策双工具"下的最优货币政策组合。结果表明："保增长"的利率政策和"稳汇率"的汇率政策，能够更好的缓释新冠疫情带来的外部冲击，在"保增长"的利率政策下家庭福利水平高于"防通胀"的利率政策，而在"稳汇率"的汇率政策下家庭福利水平高于"稳货币"的汇率政策，因此，通过确定"保增长"和"稳汇率"的货币政策短期目标更有利于缓释外部环境对于本国贸易部门的冲击。     

金融危机下印度外贸政策调整的效果及启示

国际金融危机给印度对外贸易造成明显冲击。印度政府适时调整贸易政策,出口刺激与市场防御并重,加快推进贸易多元化。2010~2011财年印度外贸运行状况反映出政策调整已显现较为积极的效果,但也存在一些明显不足,这为我国后危机时期对外贸易政策的调整提供了诸多启示。     

论贸易收支、外汇储备与人民币国际化的协调和均衡发展

国际金融危机爆发以来,我国政府对对外经济贸易政策进行了一系列调整,目标在于收缩贸易顺差、抑制外汇储备增量和推动人民币国际化。但是,政策运行的结果显示,贸易收支、外汇储备和人民币国际化的发展并不协调,具体表现为贸易顺差收缩与外汇储备扩张之间的不协调及人民币国际化进程加快与外汇储备扩张之间的不协调。研究表明,两大不协调的主要原因都在于跨境贸易人民币结算的失衡。我们应该出台鼓励出口贸易人民币结算的配套政策,使跨境贸易出口人民币结算与进口人民币结算达到平衡,实现贸易收支、外汇储备与人民币国际化的均衡协调发展。     

论当前形势下我国外贸发展的制度创新与机制转换

当前制度创新和机制转换已经成为制约我国对外贸易发展的重要决定因素,在加入WTO后,如何在完善社会主义市场经济体制的背景下,进一步改革外贸体制中的不合理部分,实现我国外贸高速、持续向前发展,已经成为一个突出的难点。本文基于新制度经济学的观点,在总结历次外贸体制变革的经验教训中,从制度创新和机制转换两方面给出了政策建议。     

THE NORTH KALIMANTAN COMMUNIST PARTY AND THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

In this article, the author offers a detailed analysis of the history of the North Kalimantan Communist Party (NKCP), a political organization whose foundation date itself has been thus far ambiguous, relying mainly on the party's own documents. The relationships between the Brunei Uprising and the armed struggle in Sarawak are also referred to. Though the Brunei Uprising of 1962 waged by the Partai Rakyat Brunei (People's Party of Brunei) was soon followed by armed struggle in Sarawak, their relations have so far not been adequately analyzed. The author also examines the decisive roles played by Wen Ming Chyuan, Chairman of the NKCP, and the People's Republic of China, which supported the NKCP for the entire period following its inauguration.     

Managing the renminbi: should China peg to a trade‐weighted basket?

Pegging the renminbi (RMB) to the US dollar since 1994 has characterised China's exchange rate policy under a fixed peg or appreciating crawling peg. The current policy, announced in June 2010, of ‘floating with reference to a basket’ made the RMB 25 per cent stronger against a trade‐weighted basket by early August 2015, while it was 10 per cent stronger against the US dollar. Thus, 14 percentage points arose from changes in the cross rates of the other currencies, notably from the fall of the euro since December 2014. Devaluation of the RMB by 3 per cent in August 2015 just covered the effective appreciation since December 2014. Effects of the cross rates of other currencies could be eliminated by managing the external value of the RMB with reference to a genuine trade‐weighted basket. This could be a suitable intermediary exchange rate regime for China, as the risks associated with free floating are still great. Diversifying further the currency composition of the foreign exchange reserves and other foreign assets of the Chinese government, from US dollars towards euro and yen assets, would be a natural parallel shift. The euro–US dollar–yen exchange rates in late summer 2015 may offer a good opportunity to carry out this move.     

跨境电商综合试验区与外贸高质量发展——基于双重差分法的实证分析

近年来,跨境电商迅速发展,逐渐成为外贸发展的新动能、新业态。基于广东21个已设跨境电商综合试验区地市,选取2005—2020年面板数据,利用双重差分法分析设立跨境电商综合实验区对广东外贸产生的影响,并就跨境电商综合实验区的政策效应进行评价。研究发现,设立跨境电商综合实验区显著促进广东外贸发展,政策效应明显;对外开放程度、工业化水平、产业结构升级均有助于广东外贸显著增长,是跨境电商综合试验区推动外贸高质量发展的重要路径;异质性分析表明,跨境电商综合实验区对低外贸依存度样本组出口贸易的政策促进效应更显著,高外贸依存度样本组的贸易政策效应则不显著。最后,针对研究结论提出行之有效的对策建议。     

The External Debt Situation in Indonesia: Performance and Prospects

In interviews with bankers, government economists and academic observers, most of them attributed the absence of an Indonesian debt crisis during 1982–84 to the fact that a significant portion of external public debt, an average of 37 percent, was long-term concessionary loans from foreign governments and international agencies. Our analysis challenges this conventional explanation. We show that if Indonesia (1) had paid the same effective interest rate as Mexico, (2) had the same maturity structure as Mexican debt, and (3) had the same export-GNP ratio as Mexico, then its average 1980–82 total debt service-export ratio would have been 84.4% instead of the actual 30.1%. Our decomposition shows that concessional interest rates account for 5.8 percentage points of the gap, maturity structure for 17.7 percentage points and export orientation for 30.8 percentage points.
We have concluded that the major cause for the favorable 1982–84 outcome is competent management of the exchange rate. The absence of protracted exchange rate overvaluation from 1979 onward was fundamental in maintaining a strong nonoil tradeable sector. The nonoil tradeable sector was able to earn enough foreign exchange to service Indonesian debts when the external shock of high interest rates increased debt service payments and the recession in industrialized countries lowered the price of oil. The absence of extended exchange rate overvaluation also kept the external debt down and the maturity structure on the long side by not encouraging capital flight. We ascribe this use of the exchange rate to protect the tradeable sector as much to the existence of an influential political constituency consisting of neoclassical economists, Javanese peasants and Outer Island residents as to balance-of-payments considerations.
We recommend an aggressive exchange rate policy and two sets of supplementary measures to reduce the probability of a debt crisis in the medium run.     

China's Trade: Theory and Policy

The paper reviews the writings of Chinese economists on economic principles relating to international trade. The principal argument presented is that China's foreign trade policies have developed under the influence of both Marxist and conventional western economic thought, though the latter theories are not openly accepted in China and have been applied on a piecemeal basis. The survey also shows that Marxist economics in general, and the Marxist view of foreign trade in particular, have become less relevant to China's foreign trade policy, both theoretically and practically.     

加工贸易、FDI与中国国际收支不平衡

自1994年我国实行汇率并轨制度以来,中国国际收支一直面临着经常项目与资本和金融项目双顺差的结构,产生这种结构的原因是多方面的,本文从以加工贸易为主的贸易特征和由于对外资优惠而吸收的大规模外商直接投资(FDI)这两方面入手,分析他们对中国国际收支不平衡产生的影响。     

清朝山东集市贸易发展之原因分析

山东集市的兴起始于明代中叶,明末清初一度衰落,经康熙、雍正年间的恢复、整顿,到乾隆时进入全面、持续的发展阶段,纵观来看,影响清朝山东集市及集市贸易发展的主要原因是:人口数量的变化、农业及农村工副业的发展、政府对集市管理的加强等.     

出口退税政策与出口型外贸企业现金流运行均衡管理研究

对于出口退税研究以往较多关注出口退税政策对宏观经济调控作用,但其如何传导及影响微观出口型企业现金流,学者们对此领域的研究文献却不多见,文章分析与比较了危机前后的出口退税政策,并以此展开研究,分析调整后的出口退税政策如何综合作用于微观外贸出口型企业现金流运行。尝试性探索金融危机后基于我国出口退税政策特质出口型外贸企业现金流运行规律与特征,以期归纳与总结出出口退税政策如何传导并作用于出口型外贸企业现金流运行的一般特性,并针对性提出不同现金流管理措施与策略,以期为后危机时代外贸出口型企业实现现金流运行均衡管理,防范现金流运行断流风险提供些许洞见。