玻利维亚的小额健康保险研究

小额健康保险是解决低收入群体医疗保障问题的重要方式,它以费率低、投保方式灵活等特点而倍受欢迎。大力发展小额健康保险不仅可以有效解决我国医疗保障水平偏低的问题,而且有利于降低财政支出,促进经济全面发展。本文从投保人资格、保险责任、受益人等方面介绍了玻利维亚小额健康保险发展的现状以及在管理、风险等方面存在的一些问题,以期为我国发展小额健康保险提供参考。     

国外医疗体制借镜

与中国同为发展中国家的印度、巴西、阿根廷和俄罗斯，尽管社会制度、GDP和人均收入差别很大，但都通过公共财政支出，对低收入群体提供最大限度的免费医疗保障，他们的医疗体制有很多值得中国借镜之处。[编者按]     

为构建和谐社会我国收入分配政策必须向低收入群体倾斜

本文在指出当前我国居民收入差距拉大,低收入群体已经形成的基础上。认真探究了低收入群体形成的原因及目前的发展状况;深刻地阐述和剖析了当前扶持低收入群体、救助贫困人口的重大现实意义;并针对我国居民收入分配现状的已有缺陷,提出了收入分配政策必须向低收入群体倾斜的一系列政策主张,以期通过扶持和救助,有效提高低收入群体的收入水平,保障贫困人口的基本生活,缓解各种利益矛盾,努力构建和谐社会。     

低收入群体福利缺失的衡量方法探讨

低收入群体与贫困联系在一起,进而与社会福利联系在一起.通过确定绝对或相对低收入标准衡量低收入个人和群体的福利缺失程度,采取有效的社会保护干预措施,能改善低收入群体的福利状况.     

新疆吐鲁番地区城镇低收入群体生活状况、面临的困难及对策建议

为了解当前吐鲁番地区城镇低收入群体的生活状况,国家统计局吐鲁番调查队根据全地区城镇住户抽样调查资料,结合居民消费价格(CPI)监测资料,对2010年吐鲁番地区低收入居民家庭收入、消费、住房、医疗、教育、就业等方面问题进行了实地调研分析,研究物价上涨对低收入群体生活的影响程度,社会保障水平是否完善等问题,最后提出了一些提高吐鲁番地区城镇低收入群体生活水平的建议。     

遏制收入分配马太效应的金融扶贫思考

面对当今收入分配领域中凸显的马太效应,如果低收入群体自身增收乏力,完全依赖财政扶贫来支撑社会保障需求的不断增加显然是难以为继的,必须创造条件为低收入群体自身发展建立长效增收机制。文章揭示了金融扶贫能够通过公平配置金融资源,提高低收入群体增加就业和增收的可能性。     

公共廉租房制度的国际借鉴

公共廉租房制度源于对低收入群体的居住权问题的关注和研究。商品房市场只能解决有实际支付能力的群体的居住权问题,对于低收入群体的住房,若     

中低收入群体“房困”难题的破解路径

我国城市化进入加速期后,中低收入群体的"房困"日益成为一个重大的民生问题.本文认为,公共部门向中低收入群体提供准公共住房的制度安排模式,可以有效破解中低收入群体的"房困"问题.     

萧灼基：对低收入群体要保障而不是救济

北京大学教授萧灼基认为，对低收入群体要保障而不是救济。他认为，过去人们往往把保护、帮助低收入群体视为“救济”，这是不正确的，这种观念需要改变。按照党的十六大的精神，我们既要保护、鼓励先富起来的产业、先富起来的地区和先富起来的群体，更要保护、帮助低收入群体。低收入群体也在创造财富，整个国家基础设施的形成离不开他们的努力；     

公用事业价格调整应关注低收入群体的利益

我国目前正处于新世纪初的重要社会变革时期,改革开放、体制转型一方面带来了经济的迅猛发展和人民收入水平的大幅度提高,另一方面在城市社会分层中导致了一些低收入群体的出现,构成了城市低收入阶层和人群,如失业人口、流动人口、老年人口等。随着市场经济的发展和深化,城市中低收入群体所面临的各种     

Penetration and Post-infection Development of Meloidogyne Incognita on Tobacco as Treated by Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens Strain P-72-10

The bio-control potential of rhizospere bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against plant-parasite nematode had been demonstrated. P. fluorescens had shown the effect to enhance tobacco resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation with P. fluoreseens in tobacco could lead to significant reductions in the number of juveniles that penetrated tobacco root and further life stage development of the juveniles. The number of juveniles penetrated into tobac- co root in treatment with P. fluorescens is significantly different from CK at 2DAI, 6DAI, 8DAI and 10DAI. Significant reduction and delayed development of juveniles that penetrated into tobacco root and treated were observed in treatment at 14DAI, 21DAI, 28DAI and 35DAI. In addition, P. fluoreseens treatment leads to a significant reduction in the number of eggs per egg-mass at 35 DAI. The results show P. fluorescens induced a continuously suppression on root-knot nema- tode M. incognita throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration, subsequent life stage development and reproduction.     

On the Major Transformation of the Asia-Pacific Regional Structure北大核心CSSCISSCI

Recent years have witnessedsignificant changes in the Asia-Pacific regionalstructure featuring the shift in power balance among related countries as well as adjust-ments in their respective regional strategies. So what is the prevailing trend in thistransformation and what kind of regional order will likely emerge in the future？ To an-swer these questions, the paper tries to explore the following dimensions： the evolvingregional context, shift in power balance and power conversion, geo-political and geo-e-conomic developments and interactions between them, and evolving regional order. Asthe study shows, the broadening of regional geographical scope, the rise in the numberof actors involved, as well as changesin the relations among them, have combined tocast a pluralistic and complex flavor to the regional structure. While the power balanceamong China, the United States and Japan shifts, and power conversion is also occur-ring. China and Japan are paying increasing attention to their security roles, whereasthe United States under the Obama administration laid more stress on expanding itsgeo-economic clout. In spite of the intensifying geopolitical competition among China,the United States and Japan in recent years, a Sino-US strategic compromise-whichholds the key to regional geopolitics-isother front, some kind of geo-economicmore likely to take place in the future. On thecooperation will probably emerge. In the longerterm, it will be the geo-economic trend thatwill prevail over the geopolitical trend inthe region. Finally, the future evolution of regional order wiI1 mainly follow the eco-nomic logic, accompanied by the dilutionof its hegemonic and hierarchical nature.Hence, a pluralistic and complex regional community will emerge.     

The German Hanse and Bergen – new perspectives on an old subject

Abstract

The Hanseatic League and her kontors (trading posts) were an integral part of the medieval trade system in Northern Europe. Hanse merchants dominated many markets in this region and managed to maintain a monopoly-like role in towns like Novgorod and Bergen for many centuries. Consequently, one focus of historical research about the Hanseatic League lay on the mechanisms that enabled the Hanse merchants to keep that strong of a position for such a long time.

This article is part of the discussion about this topic. Based on Lübeck merchants with business interest in the Norwegian town of Bergen, the so-called Bergenfahrers (Bergen travellers), it will give new insights into the Hansards' economical and social organization. The three main points are (a) the integration of the Bergen market in the Hanseatic trade network as an intermediary trading place on the vivid East–West route of Hanse trade; (b) the importance of the Bergenfahrers within the Hanse merchants' economical, social and political networks; and (c) the structure of the Bergenfahrers network patterns in the late Middle Ages.

In addition to new insights into the important role of Bergen and the Bergenfahrers within Lübeck's and the other Wendish Hanse towns' trading system, this articles provides further proof for the usefulness of the methods of Social Network Analysis in medieval economic research.     

Organization and incentives in the age of sail

The British Navy in the age of sail was the most successful bureaucracy of its time. Its organization and incentive structures differed importantly from contemporaneous private sailing ventures, but closely resembled those of today’s large corporations. To induce efficient effort, the navy used a hierarchical tournament, in which sailors competed for higher pay that came with promotions based on relative performance. Promotion probabilities, the option value of future promotions, and the higher effort required of men in higher ranks and on larger vessels, combined to yield a highly skewed pay structure.     

For Better or for Worse? Local Impacts of the Decentralization of Indonesia’s Forest Sector

This paper quantifies the local impacts of mechanized logging on forest-dependent communities in Indonesia, before and after decentralization. A conceptual framework incorporates financial, social, enforcement, rent-seeking, and environmental impacts. Using data from 60 communities in East Kalimantan, the empirical results suggest that significantly more households received financial and in-kind benefits after decentralization compared to before. Many communities engaged in self-enforcement activities against firms both before and after decentralization. Post-decentralization, a significantly higher proportion of households perceived community forest ownership. There were few significant differences in perceived environmental impacts. Little evidence exists of a post-decentralization trade-off between environmental and financial contractual provisions.     

以资本管理为核心的银行治理综合评价指标研究

商业银行的特殊性体现在风险性、外部性和多重治理目标上，尤其集中体现在风险管理的本质上。风险管理日益成为现代商业银行的主体活动和核心职能，资本管理成为现代商业银行风险管理的核心。在整合EVA和RAROC指标的基础上。文章构建了以资本管理为核心的银行治理的综合评价指标，以求真实反映银行经营的成果，有效衡量风险收益和风险成本的对比关系，从而反映以资本管理为核心的银行风险管理的过程、能力和效率。     

Financial Reporting and Trade Credit: Evidence from Mandatory IFRS Adoption*

We investigate the effect of mandatory IFRS adoption on trade credit. We document that firms in countries that adopt IFRS receive more trade credit from their suppliers, consistent with improved financial reporting quality and comparability playing a role in facilitating informal financing. This increase is larger for countries with a low level of societal trust, a poor pre‐IFRS‐adoption information environment, and stronger legal enforcement. These cross‐sectional results suggest that the conditions under which higher‐quality information is made publicly available affect suppliers' decisions to provide trade credit. This increase is also larger for firms with greater exposure to foreign markets, a finding that highlights the importance of more comparable international financial reporting standards in facilitating cross‐country trade credit. We also find that IFRS adoption has a stronger positive effect on trade credit for firms with greater liquidity needs. Finally, we find that firms in countries that adopt IFRS also extend more trade credit to their customers. Overall, our results support the notion that financial reporting can have a causal effect on trade credit.     

Markteintrittstiming von Telekommunikationsdiensteanbietern

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie analysiert für 87 Neuprodukteinführungen (NPE) und Auslandsmarkteintritte (AME) von Telekommunikations(TK)-Diensteanbietern in Deutschland, zu denen 42 Schlüsselinformanten in einer schriftlichen Befragung Auskunft gaben, (1) inwieweit deren zeitliche Eintrittspositionierung durch Marktcharakteristika und Unternehmensressourcen erkl?rbar ist sowie (2) inwieweit und gegebenenfalls unter welchen unternehmensexternen und -internen Situationsbedingungen deren Markteintrittstiming mit dem wahrgenommenen Eintrittserfolg assoziiert ist. Ein früher Markteintritt wurde dann realisiert, wenn die Wettbewerbsintensit?t im adressierten Gesch?ft niedrig und das Budget für den Expansionsschritt überdurchschnittlich ausfielen. Zwischen dem Markteintrittstiming und der Beurteilung des Eintrittserfolgs bestand ein nicht monotoner, umgekehrt U-f?rmiger Zusammenhang: Frühe Folger wiesen signifikant bessere Erfolgswerte auf als Pioniere und sp?te Folger, deren Erfolgsniveaus nicht signifikant divergierten. In einer Industrie, die durch starke externe Netzeffekte gepr?gt ist, fallen offenbar die Nachteile eines Markteintritts als Pionier oder sp?ter Folger st?rker ins Gewicht als die Vorteile dieser beiden zeitlichen Eintrittspositionierungen. Unabh?ngig vom Markteintrittstiming wurden NPE/AME von TK-Unternehmen als erfolgreicher eingestuft, wenn sie sich in einen Markt mit stark wachsender Nachfrage und aufeinander abgestimmt (re)agierenden Wettbewerbern mit qualitativ überdurchschnittlichen, abw?rtskompatiblen, erprobbaren und wenig erkl?rungsbedürftigen TK-Diensten engagierten.