欠发达地区农村家庭养老的基本状况和社会动因——以安徽省绩溪县宅坦村为例

家庭养老是目前我国欠发达地区农村主要的养老保障形式。对安徽省绩溪县宅坦村家庭养老现状研究表明，农村老年人在经济来源、生活照料、精神慰藉等方面对家庭和子士的依赖性较强，尽管家庭养老的保障水平较低，但老年人对家庭养老的满意度较高，对社会养老的认知度较低。农村家庭养老是农村家庭的生存策略，是农村社区群体规范的体现，也是农村居民承继和维护传统的“家”观念和“孝”文化的具体行动。     

非均衡农村多元化养老保障模式亟待破局

我国农村老年人口数量庞大,老龄化速度迅猛。而青壮年劳动力向城市的大量流动与转移,又改变了农村家庭结构,严重冲击了中国传统的农村家庭养老模式。在当前农村社会养老保险发展区域差异大,养老保险政策宣传不到位,基层养老服务严重滞后的背景下。要在充分考虑农村养老保障模式区域不平衡的基础上,因地制宜地采取非均衡多元化养老保障模式,以破解农村养老保障问题,维护国家安定和社会稳定。     

唐山市农村养老模式调查与现状分析

唐山市已经进入老龄化社会,农村老龄化程度比城镇更加严重,农村养老问题亟待解决.通过调研,唐山市农村养老方式主要有家庭养老、国家养老等几种方式,养老模式是以家庭养老为主,以国家养老为辅,以新型农村养老保险、新型农村合作医疗、农村最低生活保障和医疗救助、助老健康御险等为补充的综合模式.通过对各种养老方式现状的分析,结合时代和本地区的实际情况,建议唐山市今后要在农村重点发展社会化养老,建立以家庭养老为主导,以国家养老为辅助,以社会养老为方向,以其他方式为补充的综合养老模式.     

社区主导、多元主体协同参与:转型期农村居家养老模式的路径探讨与完善对策

农村人口快速老龄化与城镇化背景下农村家庭结构的微型化与老年人独居与空巢化,传统的家庭养老面临严峻挑战,发展居家养老服务成为理性选择。以往对居家养老服务的研究集中关注政府与社会组织的功能,忽视了对社区作用的探讨。本文运用社区主位视角分析了上海松江的以社区为主体,社区、政府、社会组织多元主体合作配合与协同参与的农村居家养老服务体系。这一模式具有从养老服务需求者的角度提供养老服务,提高了养老资源的使用效率与服务质量,实现了对社区内部、政府与社会的养老资源的优化整合,理顺了社区、政府与社会组织的关系,有利于多元主体的协同参与等比较优势。针对农村居家养老服务运作中存在的不足,需要从落实与完善相关法律制度、为农村居家养老服务发展提供制度保障、发展壮大村级集体经济、强化政府与社会组织的资金支持、为老年人提供高品质的养老服务、社区组织工作人员转变观念、树立服务意识、加强对居家养老服务员的技能培训、提升服务质量等几个方面予以完善。城镇化背景下社区主位的农村居家养老服务体系建设对于外部资源稀缺的中西部村庄有着一定的借鉴与参考意义。     

我国农村家庭养老面临的问题及对策

随着农村人口老龄化程度的加深、农村家庭结构的核心化,由于农村社会养老保险覆盖率低、土地保障功能衰弱等原因,我国农村以家庭养老为主、保障多元化的养老方式面临着严峻的挑战.鉴于我国经济基础尚不雄厚的实际,我国农村地区应该在得到国家和社会大力支持的基础上,不断改革和完善农村家庭养老制度.     

论农村家庭养老模式的完善

当前,我国农村的养老问题已经凸显,并将成为新世纪最重要的农村社会问题之一.我国的养老模式虽然种类较多,但是目前农村仍以家庭养老为主.解决农村养老问题的根本思路也在于以家庭养老为主导,强化社会养老保险,推进农村社区养老,建立多种模式并存的农村养老保障体系.本文分析了我国农村家庭养老模式存在的条件与动力、农村家庭养老模式面临的挑战,提出完善农村家庭养老模式的措施.     

农村贫困地区养老保障状况调查及启示

众所周知,我国农村长期以来一直实行以家庭养老保障为主,社会养老保障为辅的养老体制。然而近年来,随着工业化和市场化进程的加快,农村传统的家庭养老保障受到种种冲击,功能日渐弱化,已经影响到农村老年人的生存质量,特别是贫困地区更为严重。农村养老保障     

我国农村地区空巢老人养老模式比较与选择——基于人口老龄化背景

人口老龄化进程中，城市老年人的养老保障问题得到了较早的关注，国家从社会保障方面构建了较为完整的养老保障网，但农村地区的养老保障起步较晚，其面临的问题尤为突出，养老保障形式更为严峻：家庭的养老保障功能随着家庭结构和规模的变化日趋弱化，机构养老在农村存在着严重的资源分配不均及服务质量过低的问题，惠及农村老年人的“新农保”的保障水平过低。这其中需要引起重点关注的是大量留守在农村的空巢老人，其经济来源单一、生活照料缺失、精神生活空虚等问题愈加严重，亟待解决。     

关于发展农村社区养老保障的构想

20世纪80年代以来,我国农民以家庭养老为主的传统模式正在发生变化,其中农村社区养老不失为和谐社会建设中有待发展的养老保障模式.     

农村社会保险基金管理中存在的问题及其对策建议

建立农村社会养老保险制度是为了实现社会养老与家庭养老相结合，解除农民的后顾之忧，促进社会安定，是构建和谐社会所必须支付的成本。从1992年我国开始实行农村社会养老保险制度以来，在保障低收入者的基本生活，维护乡村社会稳定，推动乡村社会发展起到了积极的作用。     

主食生产工业化与膳食消费现代化

由传统社会向现代社会转型,一个必然趋势就是:主食生产方式趋向工业化,膳食消费方式趋向现代化.前者是指,在发扬我国传统主食优秀文化的基础上,采用现代科学营养原理和先进技术装备,进行规模化生产,提供标准化、方便化、安全化、营养化的主食品.     

A new professionalism for agricultural research for development

There have been repeated calls for a ‘new professionalism’ for carrying out agricultural research for development since the 1990s. At the centre of these calls is a recognition that for agricultural research to support the capacities required to face global patterns of change and their implications on rural livelihoods, requires a more systemic, learning focused and reflexive practice that bridges epistemologies and methodologies. In this paper, we share learning from efforts to mainstream such an approach through a large, multi-partner CGIAR research program working in aquatic agricultural systems. We reflect on four years of implementing research in development (RinD), the program’s approach to the new professionalism. We highlight successes and challenges and describe the key characteristics that define the approach. We conclude it is possible to build a program on a broader approach that embraces multidisciplinarity and engages with stakeholders in social-ecological systems. Our experience also suggests caution is required to ensure there is the time, space and appropriate evaluation methodologies in place to appreciate outcomes different to those to which conventional agricultural research aspires.     

建立生态补偿机制的财政政策研究

生态补偿机制是为了控制环境破坏而建立的约束制度,包括生态补偿类型,生态补偿方式,生态补偿责任,生态补偿法规、制度、政策等。黑龙江省建立生态补偿机制面临着缺乏法律保障、排污费征收标准过低、环境违法处罚标准过低,企业将环境治理成本转嫁给政府等问题。根据黑龙江省的情况,建立生态补偿机制应遵循市场经济规律、完善相关财政政策和保障措施,惟如此,才能对落实科学发展观,构建环境友好型社会,实现人与自然和谐发展起到积极的推动作用。     

Agents for diffusion of agricultural innovations for environmental outcomes

In New Zealand, local governments are tasked with both sustainably managing natural resources and supporting adoption of practices and technologies for environmental outcomes. Unfortunately, farmers in New Zealand lack trust in advice on environmental performance provided by local governments. Hence, local governments may seek to partner with others to disseminate information about environmentally friendly practices and technologies to farmers. Empirical evidence indicates that New Zealand farmers are more likely to adopt new practices after seeing them successfully demonstrated; therefore, local government would do well to partner with those who have tried the practices themselves and those with large farmer networks. In this paper, we use unique survey data to identify the characteristics of such “innovators” and “connectors”. We also identify the characteristics of individuals who trust environmental information provided by local governments. We find that sex, age, education level, financial robustness, farm size, and the number of distinct land uses are correlated with both innovativeness and connectedness. However, among these characteristics, only education and financial robustness predict trust in environmental information provided by local governments.     

Land administration for housing production: An approach for assessment

The integration of land administration processes and the collaboration of land agencies are considered essential for the effective delivery of developable land for housing production. The research upon which this paper is based investigates the interrelationship across land administration functions and between different levels of government in the management and delivery of land for housing production. It focuses on land management policies, land administration processes, and spatial data infrastructure, as they are related to housing production. The study starts from the premise that inadequate integration across land administration functions and between different levels of government impedes land delivery for housing production. Against this background, an assessment framework is proposed as a tool to assess the levels of integration. The parameters for the development of the framework are based on the extensive literature of past and present initiatives which focused on enhancing inter-agency collaboration. It is also supported by interviews with land agencies in the case study areas – Australia and Nigeria – to aggregate the common themes as observed in the literature. The assessment framework was evaluated through selected government departments and agencies. With this approach, the assessment framework develops into the land administration integration assessment matrix. The key consideration of the matrix is to assess the depth of inter-agency relationship ranging from information sharing to consultation, coordination of activities, joint management, partnership arrangement and formal merger of organisations.     

退耕农户长期生计分析

以陕西、青海两省4个县15个村400个退耕农户为研究对象,通过20年的成本效益分析,探讨了退耕还林对农户生计的长期影响,预测了退耕后林草产品的产出、价格和农产品产量,分析了样本农户退耕前后在土地利用、种植结构、收入和成本结构等方面的变化,对林草产品价格、退耕补助、毁林复耕等因素进行了敏感性分析。结果表明:在预测的价格和产出水平上,退耕提高了样本农户的收入水平。从长期看,退耕农户面临自然、技术和市场风险。要实现中国政府的生态建设目标,决策者应关注退耕农户尤其是退耕地比例高的农户的长期生计。     

Agriculture for development: new paradigm and options for success

The role of agriculture as an instrument for industrialization had been rigorously conceptualized in the 1960s and 1970s under the classical paradigm of development economics. After many implementation failures under import substitution industrialization policies and protracted neglect of agriculture under the policies of the Washington Consensus that followed the debt crisis, agriculture has gradually returned in the development agenda, especially with the food crisis. We argue in this article that a new paradigm has started to emerge as to how to use agriculture for development, pursuing a broadened development agenda. We explore the specifications of this paradigm and discuss conditions for successful implementation.     

Empowering change for sustainable agriculture: the need for participation

Sustainable agricultural development (SAD) requires empowerment and engagement of all actors in the agricultural production and supply chain to enable change. This paper proposes a novel framework for Participatory Sustainable Agricultural Development (PSAD) that distinguishes four main classes of factors that influence participation in SAD: environmental, economic, social and governance-related. The factors in each of these classes are analysed in relation to their effect over time, on the basis of 49 SAD programmes reported in the literature. Findings show that the social factors of engagement and empowerment, not often addressed in existing SAD programmes, are of significant influence to effect over time, as are the environmental factors of food safety, and the economic factors of production and capacity development. As such this paper shows that in in addition to the well-acknowledged need for knowledge and skills related to food safety, production and capacity development, SAD programmes also need to address the social factors of engagement and empowerment to enable sustainable change over time for SAD through participation.