干旱区内陆河水文循环二元分化生态效应研究——以新疆玛纳斯河为例

人类活动对水资源的集约高效利用使绿洲水文循环产生了天然水循环和人工水循环的二元分化,天然、人工水循环的彼此消长,改变了水资源在人工绿洲、天然绿洲及过渡带之间的时空分布和转化条件。以新疆玛纳斯河流域为靶区,根据已有的分布式水文循环模型及水文监测资料统计分析,得出结论:绿洲引水对2 000 m以上的山地暂无影响,但平原区水循环发生了以人工水循环为主导的二元分化。人工绿洲、天然绿洲、过渡带和荒漠间生态统一性出现无序化趋势,造成绿洲生态与荒漠生态出现对抗趋势。     

常见人工甜味剂的介绍及其发展建议

人工甜味剂甜度高、无营养、热量低,已在食品工业中得到了广泛的应用,但人工甜味剂的安全性和有效性仍存在争议。本文介绍了糖精、安赛蜜、甜蜜素、阿斯巴甜、纽甜和三氯蔗糖等6种常见人工甜味剂的代谢特征及检测方法,并对甜味剂的发展提出建议,为人工甜味剂的进一步合理开发和安全使用提供参考依据。     

青岛崂山湾海域人工鱼礁建设浅析

近几年来,由于海洋经济的迅速发展,近海生态环境受到严重破坏,水生生物资源日渐枯竭,生态环境质量逐年下降。本文从人工鱼礁建设对于改善生态环境、调整渔业产业结构的意义等方面着手,借鉴国内外建设人工鱼礁的经验,介绍了崂山湾建设人工鱼礁的条件及产生的效益,并对崂山湾实施人工鱼礁建设遇到的问题及解决对策进行了重点分析,为恢复近海渔业资源,改善渔业生态环境提供参考。     

一种移动式卸粮清理系统在粮食仓储中的应用

平仓房卸粮入库过程中存在机械化程度低、效率低、扬尘严重及人工用量大等问题,针对这些问题,文章围绕新兴的高效卸粮设备——移动式液压翻板,提出了一种移动式卸粮清理系统,并介绍了其组成及设计原理.与传统的人工卸粮方式相比,该卸粮清理系统具有卸粮效率高、扬尘少、移动方便、人工劳动强度低及经济效益好等优点.     

我国冬虫夏草及其资源保护、开发利用对策

该文全面阐述了我国冬虫夏草的资源分布及开发利用状态，并介绍了冬虫夏草的药用价值、人工培养及研究现状，提出查清资源、建立冬虫夏草保护区、加强人工培植研究、加大监管等冬虫夏草资源保护与合理利用的对策。     

土地开发整理定额标准中人工预算单价调整探析

文章阐述了土地整治定额人工预算单价的内涵和构成,分析了存在问题及其与市场人工单价的差异,并对产生差异主要原因进行了剖析。通过对相关行业定额人工预算单价调整情况的研究,认为基本工资和人工预算单价构成是调整现行定额人工预算单价的关键。在分析基本工资与最低工资标准的联动关系的基础上,研究了合理调整基本工资的实施路径,并就基本工资调整幅度、人工预算单价构成及今后进一步完善定额人工预算单价提出了调整方案和相关建议。     

浅析莱州湾东部近岸海域人工鱼礁建设

论文分析了莱州湾渔业资源、生态环境及国内外人工鱼礁发展的现状。根据莱州湾近岸海域人工鱼礁试验区主要经济生物资源分布的水下调查结果,发现人工鱼礁对刺参、褶牡蛎、脉红螺等经济种类具有明显的诱集效果,起到了资源增殖的作用,认为在莱州湾东部近岸海域规划建设人工鱼礁切实可行,可实现良好的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益,将有效地改善莱州湾渔业资源衰退及生态环境恶化的现状,并从规划、资金、立法、功能整合、科研、宣传等方面提出相关保障性建议,确保莱州湾渔业可持续发展。     

江苏省沿海互花米草人工盐沼的分布及效益

互花米草是从美国引进我国的新物种，自1982年在江苏省沿海栽种以来，形成了约125km^2的互花米草人工盐沼。通过对1999年TM遥感卫星照片的识别、判读及统计，得出了该区互花米草盐沼的分布，分析了互花米草人工盐沼的生态、经济价值，讨论了互花米草人工盐沼对原环境的影响，指出必须对互花米草人工盐沼作进一步的研究。     

斑点叉尾人工繁殖成功

近期，宁夏水产研究所承担的斑点叉尾引进及规模化人工繁育技术研究通过验收。该项目对斑点叉尾亲本培育、催产剂组合催产、池塘人工模拟环境产卯、规模化人工辅助产卯、规模化人工控温孵化、苗种浮性颗粒配合饲料应用与转食驯化、大规格苗种规模化高密度培育等7项关键技术进行了研究，     

长白山旅游资源及开发战略初探

一、长白山地理概况长白山是我国东北第一高山,地势雄伟,海拔2691米,景观垂直分异明显,兼具以北温带至北冰洋的诸种气候类型,生物、土壤等也表现出相同的特性,这里树木参天,种类繁多,素有长白林海之称,蕴藏着许多经济价值较高的植物,如人参、灵芝、草苁蓉等,栖息着东北虎、紫貂、水獭、梅花鹿、大天鹅一类的珍禽异兽。东北三宝的人参、貂皮、鹿茸就盛产在这里。长白山独特的地质地貌、气候、土壤、动植物分布构成典型的温带季风山地自然地理综合体,不仅是一座天然博物馆,也是著名的风景胜地。为了更好的保护和利用资源,一九六○年国家在长白山建立了自然保护区,一九八○年又被列入联合国国际生物圈保护区。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。