黄土露天矿区不同复垦年限重构土壤微生物数量差异及其影响因素分析

研究目的：研究不同复垦年限重构土壤中微生物数量差异及其影响因素,为露天煤矿的土地复垦和生态恢复及管理提供一定的理论依据和指导。研究方法：野外调查与采样、时空替代、单因素方差分析以及冗余分析。研究结果：（1）0～10 cm土层,复垦27年的样地R-27a土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量分别达到原地貌3类土壤微生物数量的68.23%、68.81%和70.08%;10～20 cm土层,样地R-27a的3类土壤微生物分别达到原地貌3类土壤微生物数量的70.41%、70.94%和72.07%。不同复垦年限重构土壤0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层的3类土壤微生物数量与原地貌小叶杨林地仍存在显著性差异。（2）通过冗余分析对0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层土壤微生物影响因素分析可得,不同复垦年限样地的重构土壤微生物的受到土壤理化性质影响极大,对0～10 cm和10～20 cm表层重构土壤微生物数量影响最大的土壤物理性质是土壤容重和土壤砾石含量;对表层重构土壤微生物数量影响最大的土壤化学性质是土壤有机质和土壤速效钾。研究结论：从土壤微生物数量的视角来研究矿区重构土壤生态系统的恢复状况,可为矿区生态系统功能恢复提供实践支撑。     

CO2浓度升高对湿地生态系统 凋落物分解的影响

凋落物分解是生态系统的重要过程之一。主要由生物因子(土壤微生物、土壤动物)与非生物因子(环境因子、凋落物质量)综合控制。CO_2浓度升高一方面会改变生态系统凋落物的种类组成、凋落物产量、凋落物质量从而来影响凋落物分解过程,另一方面通过影响土壤动物和土壤微生物的群落结构以及活性来调节凋落物分解。近年来,以全球变暖和CO_2浓度升高为主的全球变化对凋落物分解的影响受到广大学者的关注,但其研究结果具有很多不确定性,并且主要集中在森林和草原生态系统。湿地面积虽然仅占地球陆地面积的4%-6%,却储存着全球20%-30%的碳。因此,未来的研究重点应该集中在CO_2升高背景下研究湿地生态系统凋落物分解的内在机制,从而为未来全球变化大环境下湿地生态系统管理做出理论参考。     

都市农业是农业产业低碳化的一个好途径

都市农业已经成为中国现代农业的有机组成部分之一．从都市生态系统的角度来看。都市农业在农产品生产、维持生物多样性、气候调节、土壤保持及肥力更新、环境净化等方面扮演着城市自然生态系统中无法替代的重要角色。是保持城市生态系统平衡和维持生态系统服务功能可持续发展的基础,同时,发展良好的都市农业还是都市节能减排、应对气候变化的一支重要的有生力量。     

浅论转基因技术对生物多样性的影响

转基因技术是人类历史上应用最为迅速的重大技术之一,但飞速发展的转基因技术有可能对生物多样性造成一定的危害及影响。目前,全球范围内商业化应用的转基因生物以衣作物居多。本文简要介绍了转基因技术的发展现状及生物多样性的重要意义,结合国内外研究实例,以转基因作物为综述转基因生物对作物遗传多样性、物种多样性、生态系统多样性的影响以及转基因动物、转基因微生物对生物多样性可能造成的影响。     

江西省农村土地利用变化及生态系统服务价值研究

[目的]土地利用变化及生态系统服务价值研究一直是土地资源评价与管理方面的热点研究问题,通过对江西省土地利用变化和生态系统价值进行研究,为江西省土地规划和资源的可持续利用提供理论依据。[方法]文章基于文献查阅的方法,利用多样性指数模型、土地利用动态度和生态系统服务价值模型,结合2009~2016年江西省农村土地利用的现状及变化,分析了其生态系统服务价值及相应变化。[结果]近年来,江西省农村土地利用程度高、多样性指数中等且呈先下降后上升的趋势。土地利用类型的面积与该土地利用类型的生态系统服务价值呈同向变化的关系。通过对土地利用类型的ESV值进行分析,发现农村土地利用的生态系统服务功能价值总体在减少;对单项生态系统价值分析,水源涵养在江西省农村土地生态系统服务中占有最重要的地位。[结论]2009~2016年江西省农村土地利用结构都发生了变化,生态系统服务总价值出现了降低趋势,各单项生态系统服务功能价值也在减少,土地利用结构对生态系统功能价值具有决定作用。因此,政府应该合理利用土地,保护生态系统,协调好环境与经济发展的关系。     

辣椒连作对土壤微生物数量与土壤肥力的影响

本文以连作辣椒对比小麦-辣椒轮作地块浅层土壤,研究辣椒连作土壤与小麦-辣椒轮作土壤微生物数量及土壤肥力之间的差异.采用稀释平板法研究土壤微生物多样性,并测定土壤中全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾的含量.对实验数据进行方差及相关性分析,结果表明:连作与轮作土壤相比在全磷、全氮及土壤PH值之间无明显差异,而在速效磷上存在显著差异;与轮作相比,细菌及真菌物种丰富度下降,反而放线菌的数量显著增加;土壤微生物种类及数量在一定程度上能够影响土壤中的有效磷含量.     

草原蘑菇圈生态学研究进展

目的 蘑菇圈真菌是草原生态系统的重要组成部分,作为分解者参与草原生态系统的物质循环与能量流动,也是重要的生物多样性资源,具有重要的食用及药用价值。文章梳理了涉及草原蘑菇圈特征、机理和影响等研究文献,总结了近年来的研究成果,提出了今后研究设想,为后续研究提供一定的参考。方法 按照“蘑菇圈分布、类型、机制以及其对植物、土壤和微生物的作用”这一逻辑,以文献综述法对相关文献进行综述。结果 通过对现有国内外文献进行系统梳理,总结了草原蘑菇圈的类型和分布,蘑菇圈发育的生理生态学机理,蘑菇圈对牧草产量和品质的影响以及其对土壤理化性质和土壤微生物的影响。结论 蘑菇圈是植物,土壤和真菌/微生物三者之间相互作用的结果,蘑菇圈真菌直接或间接改变了土壤理化性质,微生物群落及酶活性,并可通过化感作用或与植物间形成菌根/寄生关系,其分泌物或裂解后的产物刺激植物生长或杀灭植物,从而促进或抑制植物生长。     

森林草原过渡带植物多样性与环境因子的关系

利用样方研究了内蒙古高原东南缘森林草原过渡带植物群落多样性与环境因子的关系。在山地森林区,土壤各因子、郁闭度、坡度和坡向是控制植物物种多样性的主要因子;海拔、土壤ph值和土壤水分是限制高原森林草甸区与草甸草原区植物物种多样性的主要因子。森林草原过渡带植物物种多样性的差异是土壤、环境条件等综合因子的影响,更大程度上受海拔的影响。     

生物多样性与森林生态系统服务功能关系探讨

伴随着工农业的快速发展,环境问题日益凸显,森林生态系统服务功能衰退。生物多样性和生产力、生产力和森林生态系统服务功能之间均有一定的正相关性,基于因果路径分析理论,生物多样性通过作用于生产力这一中介变量来提高森林生态系统服务功能。而目前我国生物多样性面临着来自人类和自然的双重威胁,建议从推进生物多样性主流化、完善法律监管力度、促进保护手段创新方面减轻这一威胁。     

土壤微生物资源在农业中的开发和利用

土壤中存活大量微生物,它们和植物构成了微生物一植物系统,在这一系统中,微生物的作用不可忽视;论述了微生物在土壤中的存在环境,及其基本的分离鉴定方法,并且阐述了土壤微生物的作用,以及土壤微生物在农业中的应用情况和前景。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Transaction Cost Thresholds in International Rice Markets

Recent episodes of high and volatile prices for grains such as rice have raised concerns about their implications for hunger and poverty. We model price relationships between international rice prices and 221 domestic prices in 47 developing countries that import rice. We use a threshold vector error correction model that accounts for transaction costs of trade in spatial price transmission, and an improved regularised Bayesian threshold estimator for threshold models. Our results show that threshold values are higher after 2008 than before, which suggests that transaction costs in international rice trade have increased in recent years. Threshold values are highest for Latin American countries followed by African and Asian countries, and higher for retail than for wholesale prices. Since 2008, price transmission is slower in countries that responded to high and volatile prices with domestic market‐based interventions such as price controls and faster in countries that responded by lowering tariffs and by implementing production support measures.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.