Implementing Carbon Tariffs: A Fool’s Errand?

The absence of a global treaty on climate change abatement raises the chances that jurisdictions across the world will adopt substantially different approaches to greenhouse gas emissions. This further increases the possibility that some governments might consider taxes on imports based on carbon content from countries that have not introduced similarly restrictive climate change policies. Such border taxes certainly appeal to domestic industries facing higher charges for their own carbon emissions. This research demonstrates that there are enormous practical difficulties surrounding such plans. Various policies are evaluated based on the following constraints: adherence to World Trade Organisation compliance, administrative plausibility, help in meeting environmental goals and ability to deal with domestic pressures. The steel industry is used as a case study in this analysis. All considered policies arguably fail to meet at least one of these constraints, bringing into question the plausibility that a carbon border tax can be practical policy.     

环境污染与江苏省产业国际竞争力的分析

确定了江苏省8个主要出口产业的环境污染强度EPS与国际竞争力RCA3之间的相关系数,分别作出评价。其中3个出口产业为环境污染上升,国际竞争力下降,2个出口产业为环境污染上升,国际竞争力也上升,2个出口产业为环境污染下降,国际竞争力也下降,1个出口产业为环境污染下降,国际竞争力上升。通过对EPS构成的分析可以找到主要的污染因素。     

Unilateral Climate Policy and Competitiveness: Economic Implications of Differential Emission Pricing

Unilateral climate policy raises concerns about international competitiveness and emission leakage that result in preferential regulatory treatment of domestic energy‐intensive and trade‐exposed (EITE) industries. Our applied analysis of unilateral EU abatement illustrates the potential pitfalls of climate policy design which narrowly focuses on competitiveness concerns about EITE industries. The sector‐specific gains of differential emission pricing in favour of these branches must be traded off with the additional burden imposed on other industries. From the perspective of the unilaterally abating region preferential EITE emission pricing can induce non‐negligible excess cost as policy concedes (too) low emission prices to EITE industries and thereby foregoes relatively cheap abatement options in these sectors. With respect to global cost‐effectiveness of unilateral climate policy, we find that differential emission pricing in favour of EITE industries can reduce emission leakage and thereby provide global cost savings compared with uniform pricing. However, the scope for cost savings is limited and may change into substantial cost increases if unilateral reduction targets are moderate and EITE industries get close to exemptions.     

Do Stringent Environmental Regulations Reduce International Competitiveness? Evidence from an Inter-industry A nalysis

An increasing interest has emerged among policy makers and academics on the question "Do stringent environmental regulations lead to loss of international competitiveness in terms of declining exports and increasing imports compared with those from the countries which have lower environmental standards and regulations?". This paper examines this issue by conducting an inter-industry analysis of New Zealand manufacturing industries. By analysing the patterns and determinants of comparative advantage of 109 industries over the last 13 years, we found no strong evidence to suggest that environmental standards lead to loss of competitiveness.     

碳税对芬兰产业国际竞争力影响的实证研究

碳税对产业国际竞争力的影响是衡量其能否在政治上被接受的重要因素.芬兰是世界上第一个成功推行碳税的国家,其实践经验对我国进行碳税政策设计具有借鉴意义。从国际贸易的角度就芬兰征收碳税对产业国际竞争力的影响进行实证研究,征收碳税对芬兰产业国际竞争力有一定的消极影响。芬兰的经验,对我国的碳税政策设计提供了良好的借鉴。     

碳税对我国能源密集型产业国际竞争力影响研究

近年来,减缓和应对气候变化已成为全球最受关注的问题之一,二氧化碳的减排也随之备受瞩目。碳税作为减少温室气体排放的直接有效的经济手段,在我国也提到了议事日程。本文使用引力模型,利用2000年-2010年我国对9个样本国家的贸易数据,对碳税征收对我国能源密集型产业国际竞争力的影响进行了实证分析。研究结果表明,碳税对我国能源密集型产业的国际竞争力存在负面影响。在此基础上,本文结合我国实际情况和其他国家征收碳税的实践经验,对我国征收碳税提出了几点政策建议。     

环境税对企业竞争力的影响——基于面板分位数的研究

开征环境税将对重污染企业产生何种影响? 重污染企业对环境规制政策的敏感性是否使得环境税的"优胜劣汰"作用在重污染企业上体现得更加明显?本文基于沪深两市A股重污染行业上市公司2008～2014年的数据,采用面板分位数回归方法研究了环境税的企业竞争力效应.研究显示: 环境税与企业竞争力之间正相关,且存在分位数异质性,即对于竞争力处于低分位的企业,环境税对其企业竞争力效应为正,但未通过显著性检验;对于中分位的企业,环境税对其企业竞争力有显著的正向影响,且这种正向影响随企业竞争力的增加呈递增趋势;对于高分位的企业,环境税对其企业竞争力的正向作用呈递减趋势.本研究发现了环境税对企业竞争力的分位数异质性,为环境税效应研究提供了新的视角.     

税收与GDP的模型分析及税收政策趋向

1996年以来我国的税收收入增长过快,不利于积极财政政策作用的发挥。税收增长过快已经制约 了GDP的增长,减税应当成为我国下一阶段主要财政政策。减税已是当今各国的政策趋势,也是促进我 国经济发展的良策,减税有利于市场经济的发展。     

Die Dieselkrise und die Besteuerung des Kraftfahrzeugverkehrs

Road traffic in Germany is currently subject to two specific taxes: the energy tax on fossil fuels, like diesel or gasoline, and the motor vehicle tax. However, neither can be justified by either the ability to pay principle or by the benefit principle. They cannot be defended as steering taxes either, since they do not provide appropriate incentives to influence behaviour according to the objectives of environmental policy in general and climate policy in particular. Therefore, it is suggested that the motor vehicle tax be abandoned and the energy tax be transformed into a CO₂ emissions tax. This would require tax rates on the different fossil fuels to be proportional to their respective carbon contents, which, in turn, implies a considerable rise in the price of diesel relative to that of gasoline. As the international competitiveness of German long haul transport companies would suffer if this reform were implemented nationally, a European approach to the reform of road traffic taxation is desirable.     

“金砖四国”服务贸易的竞争力与贸易相似度分析

文章对中国、印度、巴西和俄罗斯四国服务贸易竞争力与贸易相似度进行经验性比较,结果表明:印度在计算机及信息业、通讯业等新兴服务业上具有国际竞争力;中国和俄罗斯在运输、旅游、建筑等传统服务业上具有国际竞争力;巴西服务贸易的国际竞争力较弱,但相对传统服务业,巴西的新兴服务业更具竞争力。此外,中国与巴西、俄罗斯的贸易相似度较高,而与印度的贸易相似度较低。     

From Industrial to Innovation Policy

Industrial policy has been a cornerstone of economic policy in Europe after the world war and the transformation of basic industries like coal and steel were key issues at the beginning of European integration. In the 1970s and 1990s industrial policy shifted toward support of high-tech industries. In the seventies the importance of a more systemic view came up, policy had to address the specific weaknesses of the innovation system. The Lisbon agenda finally combines competitiveness with social and environmental goals. Industry plays an important role in generating welfare and industrial policy is in different forms and sorts back, high on the agenda.     

城市群崛起与企业竞争力提升——基于交易成本的分析

本文利用1998-2013年面板数据研究城市群崛起对企业竞争力的影响及作用机制，分析了由于交易成本约束的差异导致城市群崛起促进企业竞争力提升的异质性。研究发现：城市群崛起显著提升了企业在工业增加值、销售产值、利润和固定投资几个方面的竞争力。受交易成本约束越弱的行业，城市群崛起发挥的溢出效应对企业竞争力的提升效果越明显。降低交易成本主要促进的是集约型城市群发展模式对企业竞争力的提升作用，工业品（尤其是工业投入品）部门交易成本下降对城市群崛起促进企业竞争力提升的影响作用更为突出，优良的营商环境会扩大城市群崛起与交易成本下降对企业竞争力提升的影响作用。城市群崛起通过马歇尔外部性、创新外部性和融资外部性促进企业竞争力提升，并且对交易成本越低的行业促进作用越大。     

America's economic decline: Evidence and explanations

Changes in international competitiveness since World War II have favored Germany and Japan over France, the United States, and Britain. This applies to competitiveness in general, but is examined in three specific industries: steel, automobiles, and semiconductors. Explanations of changes in competitiveness often focus on economic and cultural variables, but an examination of the three industries shows that a better explanation can be found in the way in which each country organizes its state and society. State-societal arrangements influence competitiveness mainly through their impact on the speed of diffusion of new technologies. The disparate cases of Germany (strong business and labor, weak government) and Japan (strong business and government, weak labor) suggest that there is more than one path to competitiveness. The literature on competitiveness has focused too much on Japan, and therefore on state industrial policies, as the key to increasing competitiveness. The German case shows that increased competitiveness is possible with a relatively weak state, but only if there is a major commitment to upgrading the skill levels of the work force. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

论环境管制与产业国际竞争力的协调

目前 ,环境管制与产业竞争力的关系引起了国际社会的广泛关注。传统观点认为 ,环境管制会增加企业成本 ,从而会削弱企业的国际竞争力。但是 ,近年的研究和实践表明 ,环境管制不仅不会使企业丧失竞争力 ,而且会诱发创新获得创新补偿。因此 ,正确把握环境管制和竞争力的关系 ,有利于企业在国际竞争中获得先动优势。     

环境法规对国际贸易的影响:国外研究综述

环境法规对国际贸易的影响综述主要包括以下四个问题:环境法规是否会削弱一国产业的竞争力,环境法规是否会引起污染产业转移到发展中国家,各国不同的环境法规严厉程度是否会引起"生态倾销"以及环境法规与国际贸易之间的协调。文章通过对现有文献的梳理发现:环境法规虽然会对国际贸易的各方面产生负面影响,但是没有得到实证研究的支持。     

论我国烟草税收政策的选择

对烟草及其制品课税有利于倡导健康卫生的生活方式,增加政府财政收入。国际经验也证明,提高烟草税收税负水平是减少各阶层人群烟草消费的有效和重要措施。目前中国烟草税收政策调控的重点在于烟草生产和批发环节、烟草生产与流通企业和高档卷烟产品。作为《烟草控制框架公约》的签约国,中国必须严格遵守《烟草控制框架公约》的各项条款,借鉴国际经验,结合中国实际情况,寻求进取的控烟策略,完善倡导健康卫生的烟草税收政策体系,并通过税收政策实现对烟草产业的宏观调控。     

基于价值链的我国新能源汽车产业竞争力分析

近年来,环境问题和能源危机日益严重,加快培育和发展新能源汽车,对我国汽车产业可持续发展至关重要。本文从价值链各环节出发,全面分析我国新能源汽车产业在价值链各环节存在的优势与劣势,并与发达国家作比较。通过各环节的分析发现:我国新能源汽车产业的国际竞争力正不断上升,但在研发环节和后市场服务环节与发达国家仍存在较大差距。基于此,本文提出三种价值链提升策略,以期增强我国新能源汽车产业的国际竞争力。     

中国制造业国际竞争力现状分析及提升对策

本文利用最新的统计数据对中国加入WTO以后制造业的国际竞争力的现状及变化趋势进行了实证研究，认为加入WTO以后，中国制造业的国际竞争力有较大程度提升；在与美国、日本、欧盟、韩国等国家进行竞争力对比时，发现加入WTO后，相对于上述国家中国制造业的国际竞争力在不断提升；而与此同时，中国民族产业国际竞争力虽然也有提升，但相对于中国制造业国际竞争力的提升速度。民族产业国际竞争力提升较慢。     

中澳产业国际竞争力与贸易互补性分析

运用以进出口数据为基础的产业国际竞争力评价指标体系对中澳产业国际竞争力进行了评价,结合评价结果,利用修正后的贸易互补指数计算公式计测了中澳两国之间各产业以及综合贸易互补程度.结果表明:中澳两国各自具有极强和较强国际竞争力的产业互不重合,大部分产业具有较强的贸易互补性,综合贸易互补性近年来呈逐年增强之势.中澳双边贸易发展潜力很大,建立中澳自由贸易区前景广阔.     

中国环境保护对产业国际竞争力的影响分析

建立了一个环境保护强度的综合评价指标体系,通过对不同污染程度产业的国际竞争力分析,将环境保护强度与产业国际竞争力的相关关系进行实证检验,指出环境保护强度与产业国际竞争力并不具备规律性相关关系。