中国Bt抗虫棉的收益、成本和影响

本文利用1999年以来关于抗虫棉采用情况的持续调查数据，检验了Bt抗虫棉的生产效果。分析表明，采用Bt抗虫棉能够提高棉花的产量；更重要的是，种植Bt抗虫棉的农户由于减少了农药和劳动力投入而增加了收入，同时，对改善环境和保护农民健康也有正面影响。中国的经验可以被其他发展中国家所借鉴。     

Bt转基因作物抗性管理

土壤中的一种微生物──Bacil-lusthuringiensis（简称Bt）产生的毒素对多种害虫具有很好的防治作用，而对人畜和大多数益虫无害且不对环境产生污染。Bt已广泛用于农业生产，对世界可持续农业的发展发挥了巨大作用。利用发酵工程技术生产的Bt生物农药在农业上的应用已长达30多年，约占世界农药市场1巩的份额。随着基因工程技术的发展，Bt有效基因被成功地转入植物，具有抗虫性的Bt转基因棉花、玉米、马铃薯、西红柿、油菜等相继问世。1996年，Bt转基因作物在美国实现商业化生产，使有机磷、除虫菊酯等危险性农药的使用大大减少，甚至被取…     

在WTO／TBT规范下Bt技术标准的制订及其对贸易的影响

论述了苏云金芽孢杆菌（简称Bt－目前世界上应用最广的微生物农药杀虫剂）在我国的标准化问题，及技术标准的实施对我国Bt行业发展和进出口管理的作用。     

生物农药Bt产业发展的创新管理

从市场的角度阐述了生物农药Bt的发展和应用,在强调整体产品概念的同时,侧重市场产业链管理,讨论了目前的主要问题并提出改善与发展建议。     

生物农药Bt产业发展的创新管理

从市场的角度阐述了生物农药Bt的发展和应用，在强调整体产品概念的同时，侧重市场产业链管理，讨论了目前的主要问题并提出改善与发展建议。     

转基因生物技术推动"科技兴棉"

在国家863、973计划、国家高新技术产业化及农业部棉花发展专项资金等重大项目的支持下,在科技、生产、推广、企业等部门互相配合和共同努力下,国产转基因抗虫棉技术创新与产业化发展取得了长足进步.     

构建基于“三位一体”的BtoC医药电子商务交易平台

为促进BtoC医药电子商务发展和医药电子商务的人才培养提供模式借鉴;方法:通过分析BtoC医药电子商务面临的困境及成因,探讨基于"三位一体"BtoC医药电子商务交易平台的构建方案;结果与结论:构建"三位一体"Bt oC医药电子商务交易平台是学校、企业多方共赢的有效模式,能够充分发挥各自优势,降低综合成本,但需要解决医药企业信息化、平台认证监管和使用推广等问题。     

基于TAM模型的创新科技产品采用意愿研究

基于科技接受模型和创新采用理论,构建了消费者创新采用意愿研究模型,并以3G手机为例,通过国内6大城市313份有效样本,利用相关统计分析和结构方程模型对理论假设进行了检验。研究表明,信息来源、消费者创新性与创新采用意愿显著正相关;认知有用性、产品的兼容性和可观察性对创新采用意愿有显著正向影响,而认知易用性与采用意愿无显著相关性,为个体消费者采用行为研究提供了新的解释。     

二元价值容介态视角下的商业模式创新策略:基于海尔集团案例

从二元价值容介态理论视角出发,采用案例研究方法,以海尔集团为案例对象,本文研究了商业模式创新策略。研究发现,围绕二元价值的容介均衡,商业模式创新从价值定位和价值传递两方面展开。在价值定位方面采用了突出个性化的设计、多样化的功能、智能化的使用和整体化的产品等策略,在价值传递方面采用了拓展销售渠道类型和作用、提供更多价值增值的服务活动等策略。     

连铸辊明弧堆焊工艺的梳理和总结

介绍了连铸辊采用明弧堆焊的意义,针对连铸辊使用工况,采用明弧堆焊方式,对堆焊工艺进行梳理和优化。总结出合理的堆焊工艺方案。在实际生产应用中,采用此套堆焊工艺方案,堆焊后的质量得到保证,且延长了连铸辊的使用寿命。     

Impact of Bt cotton on pesticide poisoning in smallholder agriculture: A panel data analysis

While substantial research on the productivity and profit effects of Bt cotton has been carried out recently, the economic evaluation of positive and negative externalities has received much less attention. Here, we focus on farmer health impacts resulting from Bt-related changes in chemical pesticide use. Previous studies have documented that Bt cotton has reduced the problem of pesticide poisoning in developing countries, but they have failed to account for unobserved heterogeneity between technology adopters and non-adopters. We use unique panel survey data from India to estimate unbiased effects and their developments over time. Bt cotton has reduced pesticide applications by 50%, with the largest reductions of 70% occurring in the most toxic types of chemicals. Results of fixed-effects Poisson models confirm that Bt has notably reduced the incidence of acute pesticide poisoning among cotton growers. These effects have become more pronounced with increasing technology adoption rates. Bt cotton now helps to avoid several million cases of pesticide poisoning in India every year, which also entails sizeable health cost savings.     

The costs and benefits of refuge requirements: The case of Bt cotton

Refuge requirements have been the primary regulatory tool to delay pest resistance to Bt crops. This paper presents a simple method to estimate the annual cost of refuges to producers, applying it to Bt cotton. It also examines broader welfare impacts, estimating how Bt cotton acreage restrictions affect producer surplus, consumer surplus, seed supplier profits, and commodity program outlays. The implications of grower adoption behavior — partial adoption, aggregate adoption, and refuge choice — for regulatory costs are examined. Empirical examples illustrate how providing multiple refuge options significantly reduces regulatory costs.     

The economics of biotechnology under ecosystem disruption

Economic analysis of chemical pesticide use has shown that the interactions between plants, pests, damage control technology and state of the ecosystem are important variables to be considered. Hence, a bio-economic model was developed for the assessment of Bt variety and pesticide-based control strategies of the cotton-bollworm in China. The model simulates plant growth, the dynamics of pest populations and of natural enemies. The model predictions are used as major inputs for a stochastic micro-level profit model of alternative control strategies.Results show that: (1) productivity effects of Bt varieties and pesticide use depend on the action of natural control agents, and (2) the profitability of damage control measures increases with the severity of ecosystem disruption. The findings highlight the importance of the choice of the counterfactual scenario in the assessment of the impact of agricultural biotechnology. Also, some doubts are raised whether the high benefits of Bt cotton varieties claimed by previous studies based on cross section comparisons are realistic.     

SHEDDING LIGHT ON THE LIGHT BULB PUZZLE: THE ROLE OF ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS IN THE ADOPTION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT LIGHT BULBS

Despite the potential energy savings and economic benefits associated with compact fluorescent light bulbs, their adoption by the residential sector has been limited to date. In this paper, we present a theoretical model that focuses on the agents' ability to perceive the correct cost of lighting and on the role of environmental attitudes as key determinants of the adoption decision. We use original data from Ireland to test our theoretical predictions. Our results emphasize the importance of education, information and environmental awareness in the adoption decision.     

Exploring radio frequency identification technology's application in international distribution centers and adoption rate forecasting

Radio Frequency Identification Technology's (RFID) application in the global supply chain has seen increased attention, and international distribution centers (IDC) are now playing a more crucial role in the global supply chain operation. This paper adopts structure equation modeling (SEM) to investigate the impact of three factors mainly based on the technology acceptance model (TAM): perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and the social norm on the use intention of an IDC. Empirical results indicate that a revised TAM could explain the RFID acceptance behavior. Perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and the social norm are demonstrated to have an effect on RFID acceptance intention. The choice of RFID adoption is also impacted by the supply chain's stakeholders. Factors that affect the adoption intention of an IDC thus include customers and partners' request, government policy, and competitors that have already adopted RFID. Furthermore, the study adopts the binary Logit model based on the stated preference method's data to predict the possible adoption rate of the RFID system in the adoption intention of an IDC. This empirical study shows that significant statistical determinants influencing RFID acceptance are: system purchasing fixed cost, variable cost, and perceived usefulness. Our model also predicts that the penetration of RFID application in Taiwan's international distribution centers could hit the 25% adoption rate. The study provides several managerial implications and suggests future research directions.     

Farmer organizations and maize productivity in rural Burkina Faso: The effects of the diversion strategy on cotton input loans

This study analyzes the impact of the diversion strategy of cotton inputs on maize productivity among farmer organization (FO) members in Burkina Faso, based on an endogenous treatment effect model. This impact is assessed by measuring the effects of the producers’ strategy of using part of their cotton inputs for growing other crops, such as maize. The data from a 2014 multisectoral survey in Burkina Faso were used. The main result is that maize productivity is 59.11% lower for FO members who divert their cotton inputs. We suggest the development of financing systems for cereals, similar to those in the cotton sector, and the establishment of monitoring the use of input credits.     

Building smallholder farmers' capacity to adopt climate-smart agricultural practices in flood prone areas: Lessons from Bangladesh

Currently, there is an increased interest in promoting climate-smart agricultural practices (CSAPs) around the globe, however, application of these practices may vary for different climate risk hotspots. Although, climate field schools (CFS) are conducted with the aim of empowering farmers with knowledge on the various agricultural practices, little attention has been devoted to building the capacity of smallholder farmers to facilitate adoption of appropriate CSAPs. Given the effects of climate change on agriculture, it is fundamental for agricultural sustainability to answer the question that has hardly benefited from empirical analysis in previous land use studies, which is: Do CFS build farmers' capacity to adopt CSA in flood prone areas? Cross-sectional data from 600 rural farm households in south Bangladesh is used and the recursive bivariate probit (RBP) is applied to address this knowledge gap. The results reveal that participation in CFS increases the probability of a farmer's soil salinity consciousness by 25% and eventually improves the probability to adopt climate-smart agricultural practices by 20%. We also analyzed the spillover effects of CFS participation on CSA adoption and found that there is a strong spillover effect which has important implications on the cost effectiveness and sustainability of the program. Overall, the study provides empirical evidence demonstrating that participatory approaches stimulate adoption of appropriate CSAPs by building farmers' capacity in recognizing the existing climate risk hotspots.     

A categorical modeling approach to analyzing new product adoption and usage in the context of the building-materials industry

A high proportion of non-adopters is prevalent in any market where the product under consideration is relatively new or has a low acceptance rate. This results in a low proportion of adopters in a representative sample. In adoption or product usage modeling such high proportion of zeros in the dependent variable may be addressed by zero-inflated models, by modeling the product adoption and usage as a function of two latent processes. This paper considers a zero-inflated ordinal-probit model for investigating adoption and usage of innovative wall-cavity insulation materials among residential homebuilders in the US. This study assumes a three-step adoption process of innovative housing materials, namely, trial adoption, intermediate adoption and complete adoption. The study uses 5757 responses from a combined ‘Annual Builder Practices Survey’ dataset comprising ten cross-sectional yearly surveys, undertaken by the NAHB Research Center, from 1996 to 2005. The research results indicate that though a higher proportion of large firms are more likely to adopt innovative insulation material, they continue using established products while slowly increasing their use of the innovative material over time. However, when smaller homebuilders adopt an innovative insulation material, it replaces the existing product from their material usage portfolio at a faster rate.     

The adoption of new technology by the farmers in Taiwan

This study addresses the technologies the farmers adopted, their reasons for adopting these technologies and the result of adopting these technologies. The design and strategy used to collect the data needed are both qualitative and quantitative. Farmers who practised traditional farming methods and those who adopted the new technologies were both given survey questionnaires and were interviewed.

The result of the study shows that the technologies applied by the farmers are the use of tractors in tilling the ground, the use of machinery in planting, the practice of irrigation and the use of a combination of organic and commercial fertilizers. The reasons for the adoption of the latter are the availability of chemicals and the convenience of their use, and this is used to enhance the growth of plants. The results of the new technology adoption are high yields of produce, production of hybrid crops, and the saving of labour, thus increasing the income of the farmers.     

Households technology adoption and use patterns: the case of digital terrestrial television in six Italian regions

The paper explores the technology adoption and use patterns of households. Many theories are focusing on the adoption; however, some studies show that the adoption mechanisms in households are still unknown. Before any sound theoretical proposals could be made, additional exploratory studies in this field are necessary to discover the relations between use behaviour and adoption determinants. To demonstrate this, our exploratory study uses the case of digital terrestrial television (DTT) introduction in Italy. The study incorporates exploratory factor analysis to identify dimensions of DTT adoption and use. These dimensions were further investigated through their relations with demographic variables of primary decision-makers in households. We found that DTT adoption and use relate to household characteristics in a relatively complex way, but clear systematic use patterns are evident. These patterns can serve as an empirical evidence to further develop theories in this field.