根据消费者问题的变迁 探讨消费者教育的课题

改革开放以来，随着经济的飞速发展，消费者问题也日益严重，“假冒伪劣商品”一词成为近20年来历久不衰的流行语，消费者的投诉与年俱增，投诉内容也越来越复杂，20年来发生了很大的变化。     

An Econometric Study of Advertising and Cigarette Demand in the United Kingdom

This article reports the results of an empirical investigation of the effect of total cigarette advertising on aggregate demand for cigarettes in the United Kingdom. The research is conducted within the framework of the Becker-Murphy model of rational addictive behaviour, using time series spanning the period 1963–1992. No evidence is found in this research to back up the view that aggregate cigarette advertising has the effect of expanding total market demand for cigarettes.     

Conceptualizing needs in the context of consumer politics

The main aim of this paper is clarification of the concept of need in the context of current thinking on consumption and development, the links between the provision for basic needs, and the observance of human rights. It offers philosophical analysis of the concept of basic needs in relation to others more prominent in consumption theory such as desires, wants, preferences, relating its discussion to controversies between universalist and relativist positions in the theory of need. Drawing on a distinction between basic needs and the culturally specific modes in which these are gratified, it proceeds to offer some critical reflections on the intersection between human rights and market rights and on the global interconnections between more or less affluent forms of basic need satisfaction. It argues overall that basic need satisfaction for all, now and in the future, requires a new politics of consumption in the wealthier nations.     

Policy and practice in the United Kingdom

Abstract: The UK currently has well-developed but very fragmented systems and structures for consumer protection in banking and financial services, including legislation, regulatory bodies and various forms of self-regulation. At the time of writing, the government has launched proposals for a much more integrated, statute-based system that would cover a large part of the market place and that would be implemented by a single new regulatory body, the Financial Services Authority. However, a number of significant details are still absent from the proposals or are the subject of strong criticism, either from the industry side or from consumer organizations. Also, some types of life assurance, non-life insurance and most mortgage lending may remain outside the proposed new system. It remains to be seen when the proposals will become law and what precise form they will take.     

Corporate Community Contributions in the United Kingdom and the United States

We address the issue of UK firms relatively poor record of corporate community contributions (CCCs) by subjecting them to formal comparison with those of US firms. To this end, we employ data on the top 100 UK, and top 100 US, contributors in 2001. Cross-country differences are described and discussed with reference to a stakeholder perspective on corporate social responsibility, and CCCs in particular. In this connection, we evaluate the role played by the sectoral composition of activities, as well as national, cultural and institutional factors. Our findings highlight a number of significant cross-country differences in the pattern of CCCs and suggest that UK and US firms operate within significantly different stakeholder environments.JEL Classification: M14Stephen Brammer is a Lecturer in Business Economics at University of Bath, with research interests in the area of corporate social responsibility. Much of his recent research has examined the stimuli for corporate socially responsive behaviour, the management of business social responsibilities, and the relationships between firm social performance and other dimensions of corporate performance. Recent publications include articles in the Journal of Management Studies, the European Management Journal and Business Ethics: A European Review.Stephen Pavelin is a Lecturer in Economics at the University of Reading, with research interests in foreign direct investment and corporate social responsibility. His current research agenda seeks to address: the effect of corporate social performance on the reputations and financial performance of firms; the incidence and quality of social and environmental reporting; demographic diversity (regarding gender and ethnicity) among corporate boards; and the effect of firms geographical diversification on their social performance. Recent publications include articles in the International Journal of Industrial Organisation, the Open Economies Review, the European Management Journal and Business Ethics: A European Review.     

Retail Buying in the United Kingdom

Retail buying in the United Kingdom has undergone considerable change in the last 20 years. Faced with a lack of satisfactory published material concerning what retail buyers actually do, the author carried out a survey of buyers in multiple food and apparel retailers. This paper discusses the main changes to have taken place in retail buying in recent years, describes what buyers do, their interface with other functional departments in the business, the characteristics needed by successful buyers, and how buyers are appraised. Finally, it is concluded that the perceived status of buyers does not always reflect their impact on the marketing activity and success of their companies.     

基于消费者需求与信息搜寻的消费者教育模型研究

本文结合消费者需求特点和信息搜寻两个维度,指出产品市场可分为易识实用产品市场、难识实用产品市场、易识享乐产品市场、难识享乐产品市场和未被考虑产品市场.企业应根据各类市场特征,制定有针对性的消费者教育策略.     

An Econometric Study of the Demand for Various Types of Wines and Spirits in the United Kingdom

The purpose of this study is to investigate by econometric methods the influence of changes in prices, advertising and consumer tastes upon the pattern of demand for eight different types of wines and spirits during the 1970s in the United Kingdom.

Relative prices are found to play possibly an important role in the determination of wine products' market shares, but to have been insignificant in the spirits sector.

Relative levels of advertising may affect the pattern of demand between products in the way suggested by Galbraith, but the influence appears to be weak.

Product market shares may be invariant with respect to the size of the total spirits market, although this conclusion is held with least confidence for brandy which appears to grow at a relatively slow rate on average. However, wine product shares do fluctuate with the size of the total demand for wine products.

The disaggregated wine equations would appear to provide a potentially useful framework for detailed demand forecasting. However, the advantages of disaggregated analysis for this purpose are not as pronounced in the case of the spirits sector.     

Private business sales environments in the United Kingdom

When an owner-manager of a business firm decides to sell the company, it is not a trivial decision. Whether it is a sale forced by circumstances outside company control, or a positive, strategic choice, it is certainly significant. Moreover, the method of “exit,” the advice taken, and the deal that is eventually struck will clearly affect the nature of the owner's eventual lifestyle. In such circumstances, there are four choices open to the owner: (1) Sale to a third party; (2) Sale to the management and/or employees; (3) Public quotation on the Stock Exchange; (4) Liquidation.This research first analyzes the magnitude of activity in the United Kingdom in each of the above categories during the five-year period 1983–1987. The results show very clearly that there is a strategic loosening taking place in the corporate marketplace—more firms are being sold, and more owner-managers are choosing to exit from ownership of their firms. Moreover, the most frequently used exit route by far is that of the private advertized sale.The second part of this paper analyzes in detail the data for the private advertized sale. By means of principal-component analysis and cluster analysis seven, ecological incubator environments were constructed at a county level. Significant differences were observed between the environments in respect to private advertized sales, private advertized sales rates, and industrial structure. These results show clearly that the nature of the supply of owner-managers wishing to realize their ownership is geographically biased and is, in part, a reflection of the existing industrial and commercial base.     

Firm growth in industrial clusters of the United Kingdom

This article examines how firm growth is influenced by the strength of the industrial cluster in which the firm is located. It presents econometric estimates of firm growth for 56 two-digit industries in the UK. In about half of these industries, there is a positive and statistically significant association between firm growth and own-sector employment. Significant associations between firm growth and other-sector employment are less common, but where these arise they are generally negative. We find that a weak rule of thumb applies in most industries: own-sector effects are positive or insignificant, while other-sector effects are negative or insignificant. Cluster effects are strongest in manufacturing, manufacturing-related, and infrastructure, but weaker in services.

低速增长的英国人口与经济发展

英国经济在20世纪90年代初期开始呈现经济衰退趋势,1993年下半年,英国在欧盟国家中率先摆脱衰退,使经济重新恢复了活力.1994年以后,英国经济进入低速增长的态势,进入21世纪以后基本上稳步增长.在经济发展的过程中,英国的人口增长相对比较稳定,处于长期低增长的趋势,特别是经济活动人口的稳定增长在一定程度上促进了英国的经济增长.     

英国农业生产趋势分析

英国农业总利用面积为1753.2万公顷,其中,耕地613.2万公顷、草地975.5万公顷,具有得天独厚的农业发展自然条件。英国是欧盟最大的绵羊和山羊肉的生产国,占欧盟总产量的2/5,是欧盟第三大小麦、牛奶、牛肉和小牛肉生产国。其农业生产模式、农业生产趋势对我国农业发展具有重要的参考价值。对英国2010—2019年期间农业产值规模及构成、农林牧渔生产规模以及农业区域布局进行数据统计,分析英国农业的优势与潜力,以期为我国农业发展及两国农业合作提供依据。     

英国居家照料服务及其对我国的启示

从政府职责、服务供给和服务使用等三方面阐述英国的居家照料服务,以及我国可从中得到的启示.     

Immigration, In-Migration, Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship in the United Kingdom

This paper develops and tests hypotheses concerning the effect of migrant status and ethnicity on propensity to engage in entrepreneurship (defined as new business activity) at the individual level in the UK. The hypotheses are tested using bivariate analysis (Pearson tests of independence) and multivariate analysis (binary logistic regression). Bivariate analysis suggests that new business activity varies with migrant status and ethnicity. Multivariate analysis suggests that migration increases the odds of engaging in new business activity, that the independent effect of ethnicity is marginal, and that being a recent ethnic minority migrant decreases the odds, after controlling for other individual level factors. At the regional level, a preliminary analysis suggests that gross migration flow has a higher correlation with new business activity than other commonly used regional demographic or economic development measures.      

Case study competitions and perceptions of learning among undergraduate students in the United Arab Emirates

Higher education institutions are increasingly employing competitive formats such as case study competitions in business education to enhance students’ learning experience. The authors explore students’ perceptions and experiences regarding affective, cognitive, and skills development factors and whether these perceptions and experiences determine students’ participation in case study competitions in the United Arab Emirates. The authors attempt to contribute to the rather nascent body of literature on case study competitions. The results highlight statistically significant differences between perceived and actual learning with respect to cognitive and affective benefits. Furthermore, a significant positive association is found between participation in case study competitions and respondents’ perceptions and real experiences about various aspects of learning.     

Estimating the costs of non-fatal consumer product injuries in the United States

This paper describes a data-driven injury cost model (ICM) developed to estimate the costs associated with non-fatal consumer product injuries. The modeling effort combines information by diagnosis from the US Consumer Product Safety Commission’s National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) and 17 other large data sets. The ICM contains four aggregated cost components: (1) medical costs, (2) work losses, (3) quality of life and pain and suffering costs, and (4) product liability insurance administration and litigation costs. The ICM estimates societal costs, which are broader than costs to any individual group, such as victims, insurers, or product manufacturers. Costs associated with consumer product injuries are estimated to be approximately $500 billion in 1996, accounting for nearly one-third of the total annual injury costs. We examine injury costs in several ways, including by major product category, by sex and age of victims, by body part injured, by injury diagnosis, and by highest level of medical treatment received. We also rank the 10 leading consumer products that account for injury costs overall and within different age groups. Products such as stairs and floors are among the top 10 for all age groups. Other products, however, are more closely tied to injuries at particular stages of life (e.g., infant/toddler, child, young adult, elderly). These cost estimates are useful in assessing which products and types of injuries impose the greatest costs on society and for identifying areas for focused injury prevention efforts.