市场化进程、关联交易与投资效率

本文使用我国非金融类上市公司2002～2010年的数据,分析关联交易的利益流向对公司投资效率的影响,研究结果发现:关联交易的利益流向具有双刃剑的作用,一方面促进了公司的过度投资行为,另一方面,缓解了公司的投资不足。具体来说,在市场化程度较高的区域,关联交易的净流入促进了过度投资;在市场化程度较低的区域,关联交易的净流入抑制了投资不足,净流出加重了投资不足,两者对过度投资的影响均不显著。在融资约束较高的公司,关联交易的净流入抑制了投资不足,净流出加重了投资不足,两者对过度投资的影响均不显著;在融资约束较低的公司,关联交易的净流入促进了过度投资,净流出抑制了过度投资,两者对投资不足的影响均不显著。     

资本账户开放下的金融风险分析

资本账户开放使资本在国与国之间自由流动,为国际投机资本的流入和流出打开了方便之门,也给发展中国家带来了金融风险。资本账户开放程度越高,金融风险也越大。然而,资本账户所带来的不断增大的金融风险与一国金融制度的不完善,会导致金融危机的爆发。中国的资本账户开放进程中,应加强制度建设以满足中国资本账户开放的长期需要,短期内可以放松对境外投资的管制,减轻资本净流入对人民币汇率和货币供应的压力,化解金融风险。     

2013年国际资本流动动向

2013年发达国家的FDI是净流出。转型经济体和金砖国家的FDI流入有大幅增长。发达国家证券投资的净流出由日本的大量投资造成,如将日本除外,其他主要发达经济体的证券投资都是净流入。对新兴市场的证券投资减少。     

深化资本市场开放与资本国内循环:来自企业异地投资的证据

深化资本市场开放对构建双循环新发展格局具有重要意义。利用沪深港通交易制度实施这一事件,本文研究了资本市场开放对资本国内循环的影响。结果发现,沪深港通交易制度实施后,企业异地投资明显增加,其中,民营企业、小企业、本土企业、竞争性行业企业以及制造业企业的这种效应尤为显著。进一步研究发现,虽然资本市场开放会通过投机效应制约资本的国内循环,但融资约束的缓解和信息透明度的提高最终使其对资本内循环表现出正向作用。从资本流向看,资本市场开放促进了资本跨省流动以及省内跨市流动,东部资本更多流向了东部省份,中西部资本更多流向了中西部省份;资本市场开放还有助于资本在城市群内的流动以及资本由城市群内向群外扩散。最后,拓展分析表明,资本国内循环会显著促进地区的创新投入和创新产出。     

人口老龄化、跨区人口流动与县域经济增长

本文从理论和实证分析的角度考察区域间人口流动对人口老龄化和经济增长关系的影响。首先,构建包含年轻人跨区流动、老年人隔代照护、"统账结合"养老保障制度等中国特征事实的三期OLG模型,通过数值模拟发现,人口老龄化对经济增长的影响效应受到人口净流入比例的影响,人口流入有助于缓解人口老龄化对经济增长的不利冲击。进一步地,采用2000年和2010年人口普查的县级数据,构建人口流动影响老龄化以及老龄化影响经济增长的联立方程组模型,估计结果显示,人口老龄化对经济增长的不利影响随着人口净流入率的提高而不断弱化,特别是当人口净流入比例高于41.25%后,人口老龄化与经济增长反而呈现出正相关关系。据此,本文认为,应通过激励中青年外出务工人员返乡回流、实施产业转移和跨区投资、设计精准的养老金调剂制度和横向转移支付制度等措施,减轻人口流出地区的养老负担及其对经济增长的不利影响。     

西部大开发的经济学思考

中国东西区域间发展差异是由要素内部积累及其在区域间流出流入造成的。而决定要素积累增长及其净流入或者净流出的是区际间不同的要素收益率 ,要素从收益率低的西部向收益率高的东部流动和集中。除了客观原因之外 ,西部要素积累和流入存在着上层建筑规模太大、观念体制转变滞后、西部资源及市场外围和东部加工工业中心区位分工、传统发展方式与自然承载力有限等陷阱。要使西部要素快速积累和流入 ,需要实行税收优惠、清理苛捐杂费 ,实施土地长期使用财产权制度 ,稳定和合理使用中央财政和各部门的转移支付 ,精简吃皇粮机构和人员的规模 ,选择符合西部区情、经济规律和可持续发展原则的发展模式。     

论西部大开发的资本市场瓶颈制约及路径选择

西部地区经济发展相对落后。开发的规模庞大,最大困难是启动资金短缺。而资金的来源不外乎有引进外资、争取东部地区资金和西部地区自身积累资金。市场规则决定了资本总是向投资收益率高区域流动。东西部地区在经济基础、社会环境、人口素质和交通通信方面的差距,使东部地区投资的回报率明显高于西部地区,单从经济增长角度看,东部地区的投资回报率平均为36.6％,而西     

我国区域建设用地数量配置与资本流动关系研究——基于生产要素边际报酬省际面板数据的实证分析北大核心CSSCI

研究目的:分析我国区域建设用地数量配置与资本流动的关系。研究方法:统计分析法、计量模型法。研究结果:(1)区域地均资本存量对建设用地边际报酬具有正向作用;建设用地边际报酬对资本存量边际报酬具有反向作用;资本存量边际报酬对资本净流入具有正向作用。(2)由地区间差别性的建设用地数量配置所导致的资本存量边际报酬差异对资本流动的推力仅在东、中、西部地区间发生作用,未对各地区内部资本流动产生显著作用。研究结论:我国中、西部地区相对丰富的建设用地数量,使其地均资本存量增长较慢,致使建设用地边际报酬增长较慢,资本存量边际报酬降低较慢,导致东、中、西部地区资本回报率呈现出趋同发展的趋势,从而使得资本改变了长期以来反向流动的格局,驱动资本从东部向中、西部逐渐流动,资本流动方式向符合新古典主义增长趋同的方向发展。     

基于资本形成机制的林业金融支持体系构建研究

现阶段我国林业发展面临严峻的资本形成不足、资金短缺的困境,林业金融正是为弥补严重资金缺口而出现的一种创新制度安排,其基本职能在于实现对林业资本的动员和配置,林业投资风险规避与防范,以保证林业资本的顺畅循环、周转和有效流动,满足林业发展日益增强的资金需求。通过金融改进与金融创新,林业金融支持理应成为推进我国林业可持续发展的战略性机制和基本途径。本文基于金融战略视角,从林业资本形成、投资效率、金融运行三个维度进行分析,通过林业资本形成缺口模型梳理林业产业发展进程中金融支持的内生逻辑,为林业金融支持框架构建提供了理论依据,提出通过构建林业融资支持体系、林业金融工具创新体系、林业风险防范管理体系和林业收益保障四大体系解决林业资本形成不足的困境。     

人口老龄化、养老金与国际资本流动： 影响机制与实证研究*

本文详细梳理了人口老龄化对国际资本流动的影响机制，并利用1993-2012年98个国家或地区的面板数据实证分析其相关关系，同时验证了以养老金为中介变量的影响机制。研究发现：人口老龄化主要通过资本-劳动比率和经常账户余额影响国际资本流动；不管是中高收入和中低收入国家，人口老龄化程度越高，资本越倾向流出；随着实行现收现付（PAYG）养老制度国家的深入改革，作为资金池的养老金规模逐渐扩大，其对外投资活动也越活跃。     

The ‘real’ explanation of the Feldstein–Horioka puzzle

This article shows that global capital markets cannot, by themselves, achieve net transfers of financial capital between countries and that both the integration of global financial markets and the integration of global goods markets are needed to achieve net transfers of capital between countries. Frictions (barriers to mobility) in one or both of these markets can impede net transfers of capital between countries, produce the Feldstein and Horioka (1980) results and prevent real interest rates from being equalized across countries. Moreover, there is empirical evidence that barriers to the mobility of goods and services are an important obstacle to international capital mobility.     

Patterns of International Capital Flows and Productivity Growth: New Evidence

Recent evidence from developing and emerging economies shows a negative correlation between growth and net capital inflows, a contradiction to neoclassical growth theory. I provide updated and disaggregated evidence on the origins of this puzzle. An analysis of the components of capital flows and of gross portfolio positions shows that foreign direct investment is directed towards countries with the highest growth rates, but that portfolio investment outflows exceed these inflows. Liberalized capital accounts further exacerbate this pattern. My results suggest a desire for international portfolio diversification in liquid assets by fast‐growing countries lies at the heart of the puzzle.     

TOTAL INCOMES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1946–1976: A SUMMARY REPORT

Extended accounts of total income and product and associated capital stocks for the United States, in current and constant dollars, are offered for the years 1946 to 1976. They include intangible and tangible capital accumulation and non-market and market outputs in all sectors, services of government and household capital and of unpaid household labor, and opportunity costs of students. Defense and police services are classified as intermediate product; a portion of commercial media services is counted as final product. Expenses related to work are subtracted while the values of employee training and human capital formation and net revaluations of existing tangible capital are added.
Total incomes (TISA) net national product was 50 percent greater than official Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) NNP in 1976. BEA gross private domestic investment was only about 18 percent of TISA gross capital accumulation. Intangible investment and TISA net domestic capital accumulation grew more rapidly than BEA net private domestic investment. Household investment has been growing while there have been sharp declines in government investment, particularly in research and development. Contrary to some views of the import of the narrower BEA accounts, total capital accumulation appears to have risen considerably more rapidly than total consumption, 6.3 percent versus 2.2 percent per annum from 1946 to 1976, thus increasing sharply its share of TISA GNP.     

ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY IN ISRAEL, 1950–1965 1

Macroeconomic productivity in Israel is here conceived as comparison of output with factor inputs during given periods, and as creation of sustained capacity out of given resource increments. However, present social accounting practice prevents full implementation of this second approach. In contrast to nine European countries, only one third of the rapid growth rate of Israel in 1950–1965 is “explained” by the “Residual” because of relatively large infrastructural investments and of growth problems. One of these problems is inflationary pressures which caused productivity increases to restrain the rise of product prices by 30 per cent only below the rise of input prices. The real productivity gain accrued, in Israel and in the U.S.A. (1919–1957), nearly fully to labor because unit returns to capital remained constant whereas those to labor sharply rose. Some refinements of the statistical models are attempted by incorporating the utilization rates of labor and capital (for industry); and by measuring product from the uses, instead of from the income, side, adding the differences to the capital shares. This makes distributive factor shares nearly constant as postulated by Cobb-Douglas. In order to get a basis for appraising efficiency in creating long-term capacity, that part of product increments is measured which represents rises of p.c. final domestic uses and changes in the export surplus. This “net margin” formed in Israel one fifth and in the U.S.A. (1889–1913) much less of incremental product. Though in Israel one quarter, and in the U.S.A. over half (in 1919–1953) of the net margin went into sonsumption, large proportions of it presumably actually created human capacity. A comparison of product growth rates with population growth, and of the breakdown of the resulting p.c. product growth rates into full final uses, for Israel and two groups, of developed and less developed countries in the fifties shows, inter-alia, that in the L.D.C. only small proportions of their presumable capacity creation was financed by net capital inflows, thus imposing upon them domestic saving rates which presumably are too high to be sustainable.     

资本流动性的测量——基于资本流动性结构分析

首先对资本流动性进行了概念界定,认为资本流动性即为资本流入流出占一国国民生产总值的比值,并对几种测量资本流动性的方法进行了简要评述。在总量规模法的基础上运用直接测算法、间接测算法、克莱因测算法、非直接投资净额调整法测量了我国的资本流动性。结合对我国资本流动性结构特征的变化的分析,发现直接投资的流动性稳步下降,证券投资和其他投资的流动性为上升趋势,而总资本流动性呈震荡上升趋势。其中,在不考虑资本外逃时,其他投资对总资本的流动性变化起到主要作用。     

HUMAN CAPITAL: DETERIORATION AND NET INVESTMENT

The current practice in national accounting is to exclude from national product investment in schooling and on-the-job training, except for direct costs of schooling which are included in consumption. Foregone earnings, which form the major part of investment in human capital, go unrecorded.
Much is to be gained in consistency and analytical clarity by treating human capital like physical capital in national accounting. Estimating the amount of foregone earnings net of deterioration, that is, net investment, is a step in this direction.
Using the framework of the life-cycle hypothesis of earnings, and assuming declining-balance deterioration of human capital, estimates of deterioration rates in respect of American males by race and education level are computed for 1960. Every such d is, however, the minimum consistent with the respective costs and benefits profile. Hence an upper limit d is assumed. The model generates for each costs and benefits profile and in respect of either d , a year-by-year series of net investment in human capital. These are used to obtain two estimates (which turn out to be close to each other) of aggregate net investment in American white males in 1960. On the basis of these estimates, aggregate net investment in human capital is found to be about equal to net investment in physical assets (including consumers'durables).
It is also found that the Denison method of estimating the contribution of the increase in human capital to economic growth understates this contribution by a ratio approximately equal to net investment in on-the-job training to returns to human capital. This was about 16 percent in 1960.     

Optimal Capital Taxation in a Neoclassical Growth Model

This paper studies the optimal factor tax incidence in a neoclassical growth model with a given share of government expenditure in output. In the Ramsey planner's optimization, the effect of next period's capital on government expenditure equals the given share of the marginal product of capital. Capital accumulation reduces the discounted net marginal product of next period's capital by way of increasing government expenditure. In order to internalize the distortion, it is optimal to tax capital income in the long run.     

CAPITAL AGGREGATION IN THE PRESENCE OF OBSOLESCENCE-INDUCING TECHNICAL CHANGE

The major question addressed is the treatment of capital embodied technical progress. Should Obsolescence be deducted to calculate a net stock, or should quality adjustments be made in each vintage of new capital, or both, or neither? In order to estimate the contribution of new investment to growth it is necessary to use a capital stock where different vintages are weighted in proportion to their marginal products. The commonly used gross capital measures do not do this, because they do not allow for the higher marginal product of more modern capital. Such an allowance for capital embodied technical progress can be made either by quality adjusting new capital or by incorporating obsolescence into the valuation of the old capital (but not both). However, even if new capital incorporates an allowance for improved quality, it will still be necessary to revalue the old capital. Frequently, a reasonable approximation to the net capital stock results from a linear decline in quasi-rents and can be approximated by published estimates of the stock of capital net of straight line depreciation. Steady technical progress will not lead to the commonly used exponential service decline functions. To avoid overestimating the return to investment when technology changes it will be necessary to use information on capital embodied technical change to revalue old capital, rather than to change the price indices for new capital.     

Do Borders Matter? Evidence from Japanese Regional Net Capital Flows

Are international borders barriers to capital flows? We use evidence on net capital flows among regions within a country as a benchmark. For this purpose we develop a data set of saving and investment rates of Japanese prefectures. We find that the correlation between saving and investment rates is higher for OECD countries than for Japanese regions in both time‐series and cross‐sectional data. After controlling for factors that are expected to contribute to a positive correlation in the absence of barriers to capital flows, we conclude that primarily long‐term capital flows are hindered by national borders, as reflected in the cross‐sectional evidence.