Avian influenza,non‐tariff measures and the poultry exports of China

This paper focuses on the direct impact of avian influenza outbreaks and the impact of the consequent non‐tariff measures (NTMs) on the international poultry trade. Using monthly export data from China and its 122 poultry importing countries, a random‐effect gravity model has been adopted. Emphasising the agri‐food trade in a global value chain context, the research analysis distinguishes between ‘agri‐food goods’ (mostly uncooked poultry products) and ‘processed goods’ (mostly cooked poultry products). The results show that domestic avian influenza outbreaks have a significant negative impact on a country's poultry imports compared with such outbreaks in exporting countries. Moreover, NTMs induced by avian influenza reduce the uncooked poultry trade but temporarily increase the cooked poultry trade. However, with a time‐lag, the cooked poultry trade may soon face increasing NTMs. The results also imply that developing countries that attempt to export agri‐food products to developed countries should increase and enhance processed food production.     

高致病性禽流感对中国家禽市场分割程度的冲击及滞后性影响研究基于中国省际面板数据

目的 基于中国省际面板数据,采用相对价格法测算2001年1月至2017年12月中国家禽市场分割指数,在此基础上使用阿尔蒙分布滞后模型检验了高致病性禽流感对中国家禽市场分割程度的冲击及滞后性影响。方法 文章运用相对价格法测算家禽分割指数,同时使用阿尔蒙分布滞后模型进行计量回归。结果 研究发现,高致病性禽流感对家禽市场造成严重负向冲击：不仅在短时间内阻碍省际间家禽市场流通,更是长期加剧省际家禽市场的分割。疫情发生的当月禽类感染型禽流感对家禽市场分割程度的影响小于人感染型禽流感;随着滞后期的推移,禽类感染型禽流感对家禽市场分割程度造成的即期滞后影响和累积滞后影响均大于人感染型禽流感。结论 中国政府不仅要关注高致病性禽流感发生时疫情的防控和家禽养殖户的补偿,也要充分考虑疫情结束后停养、休市、限运等政策对家禽市场带来的滞后性影响,完善补偿和市场价格机制,正确引导家禽养殖户以及其他利益相关者恢复信心,确保家禽市场稳定。     

H7N9禽流感对当前广东家禽业生产的影响和建议

本文通过对全省20个市县的170户家禽养殖户开展问卷调查,分析H7N9禽流感疫情对广东家禽养殖业的影响,并结合国内外在重大动物疫病防控上的经验,提出相关建议。     

Environmental and health impacts of poultry manure disposal methods: a case study of Lagelu and Egbeda local government areas in Oyo State,Nigeria

Indiscriminate disposal of poultry manure has been identified as a major source of environmental degradation in production areas through air and water pollution associated with nitrogen and phosphorus emissions and losses from manure. Methods of disposing of poultry manure which might have negative consequences on the environment and the farmers were investigated in two Local Government Areas of Oyo State, Nigeria. Data collected using structured questionnaires as well as direct field observations from a random sample of 100 farming households showed that the commonly used methods of manure disposal are burning (87 households) and application on crops (9 households). Almost all of the farmers (99) had no proper manure management facilities. Ammonia is the major air pollutant perceived by 71 farmers in the study area. Farmers suffered from discomforts ranging from various combinations of sneezing (65%), eye irritation (38%), coughing (34%), headache (20%), stomach ache (13%) and diarrhoea (6%). The awareness of farmers and authorities needs to be raised regarding the management of poultry manure and the need for protective equipment during its disposal: 99 farmers had no formal training in safe handling and disposal of poultry manure. There should be stricter enforcement of existing environmental regulations and enactment of new legislation to minimize the threats that the farmers’ current practices pose to their health and to the environment.     

Consumer valuation of safety‐labeled free‐range chicken: results of a field experiment in Hanoi

This article presents results of a field experiment designed to assess willingness to pay for safely produced free‐range chicken in Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam. Improved safety of chicken production and trading is suggested as an important component of avian influenza control strategy, which aims to address the direct costs of avian influenza as well as the global public health externality. However, consumer demand for safely produced free‐range chicken is unknown. Products that have credible food labeling are not common in traditional markets where the majority of free‐range chicken is purchased. Valuing characteristics of products sold in informal markets is a major challenge that our experiment overcomes. As part of the experiment, we provided several vendors from these markets with safety‐labeled free‐range chicken. Consumer valuation of safety labeling was elicited through having experiment participants, who were representative of potential consumers, select between discount coupons for either safety‐labeled chicken or regular chicken. Results indicate that consumers will pay at least $0.50, or a 10–15% premium, per chicken purchase for safety labeling, which emphasizes safe production, processing, and transport conditions. This premium is smaller than the premium currently paid for traditional chicken varieties that are considered to be tastier. Consumers with more education have higher valuation of safety labeling. Hence, safety labeling for high‐quality free‐range chicken can play a role in controlling livestock disease and improving public health.     

加入合作社对农户绿色生产技术采纳的带动效应——基于福建柚农的调查数据

[目的]在农业生产资源趋紧和环境承载压力的双重考验下,合作社能否以及如何带动农户采纳绿色生产技术成为亟待回答的重大现实问题。[方法]文章基于福建省501户柚农的调查数据,以施用有机肥、生物农药和测土配方施肥3种绿色生产技术采纳为例,运用内生转换模型分析加入合作社对农户绿色生产技术采纳的影响及其作用机理。[结果]（1）加入合作社能促进农户采用绿色生产技术,在反事实假设条件下,加入合作社农户若未加入时,其绿色生产技术采纳积极性和采纳强度会降低,未加入合作社农户若加入时,其绿色生产技术采纳积极性和采用强度会提高,用工具变量法进行稳健性检验后,结论仍然成立。（2）加入合作社促进农户采纳绿色生产技术主要通过提升农户绿色生产认知这条路径实现,其中介效应占比为20.7%。（3）加入合作社对农户绿色生产技术采纳的影响存在群组间差异,加入合作社对规模较小农户、参与完全横向合作模式农户的带动效果更显著,合作社产前的统一农资和规定农药化肥清单、产中管理的生产检查和田间技术指导、产后的统一包装和销售等管理和服务,以及合作社分红,对农户绿色生产技术采纳的带动效果更显著。[结论]要大力支持合作社发展,鼓励农户加入...     

农牧户兼业、规模异质与生产技术效率变化*——基于5省452户细毛羊养殖户的实证研究

［目的］利用5省452户细毛羊养殖户调研数据，分析规模异质下农牧户兼业化对细毛羊生产技术效率的影响。［方法］文章采用SBM模型和Tobit模型分别测算了农牧户细毛羊生产技术效率及不同规模下兼业化对生产技术效率的影响。［结果］（1）在其他条件不变的情况下，兼业化会显著促进农牧户生产技术效率的提升，且非农兼业程度越强对细毛羊生产技术效率的正向影响作用越大。（2）分规模来看，农业兼业形式对散养户、中规模和大规模养殖户生产技术效率具有负向影响，对小规模养殖户生产技术效率具有正向影响，但影响均不显著； 由于非农兼业形式在散养户和大规模养殖户中所带来的“劳动力流失效应”与“收入投资效应”的强度的不同，对散养户生产技术效率具有显著的负向影响，对大规模养殖户生产技术效率具有显著的正向影响。（3）受教育程度、养殖年限、养殖方式、是否接受技术培训均对养殖户总体生产技术效率具有显著的正向影响，年龄变量对养殖户总体生产技术效率具有显著的负向影响。［结论］应全面推进细毛羊标准化规模养殖进程，加大细毛羊养殖技术培训的开展与推广，加强对养殖专业合作社的法律宣传和政策引导，完善国家层面的畜牧养殖的扶持政策。     

Understanding farmers’ preference for traits of chickens in rural Ethiopia

Traditional poultry production plays an irreplaceable role in the sustenance of livelihoods in rural Ethiopia. Ironically, however, much has been done to replace indigenous poultry breeds with exotic genetic resources regardless of the importance producers and consumers attach to attributes of the resources. This study aims at informing policy to establish effective indigenous poultry breeding and conservation programs. Discrete choice experiment (DCE) was employed to generate data. Designing of the DCE involved identification, definition, and measurement of attributes of adaptive, productive, and sociocultural importance considering the multiple functions of village chickens. Random parameters logit and the generalized multinomial logit (G‐MNL) models were used to estimate taste parameters. Economic values of traits of chickens were estimated using the utility in willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) space approach, based on G‐MNL model formulation. The results show that important traits of chickens to farmers are mothering ability, diseases resistance, and meat and eggs taste. These findings question the appropriateness, at least in the prevailing production system, of the Ethiopian national government's effort to improve productivity in village poultry by targeting specialized egg‐layer improved chickens. The findings also suggest that poultry breeding programs aiming to provide readily acceptable breed technology by farmers need to prioritize traits of adaptive importance, and mothering ability, instead of focusing on egg productivity only. The key implication is that the unique qualities of the indigenous poultry breeds need to be carefully identified and prioritized before resorting to those that proved to be successful in different production systems.     

广东农村无地人口现状与获地途径研究

在落实了土地承包期30年不变的背景下,通过对广东省内传统的村庄、农户采取入户访谈的方式,就有关无地人口生产状态方面的问题进行调查后发现,在广东省内传统的农村地区,国家土地政策和各村是否严格执行国家土地政策对无地人口的数量有重要的影响,不断增加的无地人口对土地调整有影响,对土地转入没有直接影响却在一定程度上限制了农地转出,农村无地人口通过家庭继承的方式获取土地更普遍。     

社会经济因素对农户种植决策行为的影响——基于主体模型的像元尺度模拟

[目的]保证粮食安全关乎国计民生和社会稳定。合理调控种植结构,优化粮食配比和产量,对于稳定粮食安全有着举足轻重的作用。目前,以大豆为主的油料作物多依赖进口,严重威胁我国的粮食安全,为了优化种植结构,提升油料作物自给率,对农户种植决策行为的研究十分必要,具有科学价值和政策意义。[方法]文章选取黑龙江省松嫩平原粮食主产区的主粮种植结构为研究对象,通过农户问卷调查并结合社会经济统计数据以及作物空间分布数据,采用基于主体模型（Agent-based Model,简称ABM模型）模拟了2016—2020年农户作物种植（大豆、水稻、玉米）的决策行为以及作物空间分布格局。[结果]ABM模型模拟的平均总体精度为63%,结果显示种植决策行为与社会规范因素较为相关,例如：农户所处周边社会环境中大多数人种植水稻,该农户有较高的概率选择种植水稻;经济因素也是重要的影响因素,例如：水稻种植收益高则更多人种水稻。根据ABM模型的情景分析结果显示,农户受周围农户种植决策影响程度越高,越倾向于选择周围农户的种植结构;而当大豆补贴金额变化时,农户更倾向于选择种植收入较高的种植结构。[结论]该研究构建的基于农户决策行为的...     

政策认知对生猪养殖户补栏行为的影响研究基于884份调研数据分析

目的 生猪养殖户补栏行为对稳定生猪生产、保障生猪供应具有关键性作用。分析政策认知对生猪养殖户补栏行为的影响,旨在丰富“认知—行为”研究思路,同时为政府引导养殖户理性补栏、完善系列稳产保供政策提供参考。方法 文章从补贴、信贷支持、用地、环评、疫病防控、运输六方面构建政策认知指标,基于河北、陕西、河南3省884份生猪养殖户调研数据,采用因子分析法测度政策认知水平,进一步运用内生转换回归模型（ESRM）实证分析政策认知对生猪养殖户补栏行为的影响。结果 政策认知显著正向影响生猪养殖户补栏行为。反事实假设下,政策认知程度低阶段养殖户若处于政策认知程度低阶段认知状态,其补栏程度将降低24.2%;政策认知程度低阶段养殖户若处于政策认知程度高阶段状态,其补栏程度将提高87.9%;若样本养殖户均处于政策认知程度高阶段,总体补栏程度将提高56.1%;风险偏好、养殖规模、上一期生猪销售价格、是否加入养殖合作社、新冠疫情影响程度也会显著正向影响养殖户补栏行为,受教育程度、与上一期相比单头生猪饲养成本变动、2019年是否发生非洲猪瘟则显著负向影响养殖户补栏行为。结论 政府相关部门需多渠道广泛宣传、解读生猪产业扶持政策,提高养殖户对相关政策内容、申请程序等方面的了解程度;积极跟踪政策落实情况,避免政策形式主义,切实解决养殖户面临的各种实际难题和风险,引导养殖户合理补栏;进一步加强养殖专业合作社建设,提升合作社技术培训、疫病防控等多种服务能力。     

农地流转对不同类型农户农地投入行为的影响——基于江汉平原和太湖平原的实证分析

研究目的:分析农地流转对不同类型农户的农地投入行为的影响。研究方法:比较分析法,问卷调查法及回归分析法。研究结果:(1)不同类型农户的行为目标不同,农地流转对其农地投入的影响存在差异;(2)农户的农业生产行为市场化程度越高,农地流转对其农地投入的影响就越大,农业生产的规模效应就越明显;(3)农地流转市场发育程度和农户农地流转的市场参与程度,对不同类型农户农地投入行为都有影响。研究结论:完善农地流转市场,规范农户农地流转行为,对引导不同类型农户进行农地的合理投入、促进农地可持续利用、提高农民收入和保障国家粮食安全都具有重要意义。     

Do Farmers Internalise Environmental Spillovers of Pesticides in Production?

Pesticides are used in agriculture to protect crops from pests and diseases, with indiscriminate pesticide use having several adverse effects on the environment and human health. An important question is whether the environmental spillovers of pesticides also affect the farmers’ production environment. We use a model of optimal pesticide use that explicitly incorporates the symmetric and asymmetric effect of pesticides’ environmental spillovers on crop production. The application focuses on panel data from Dutch cash crop producers. We show that pesticides have a positive direct impact on output and a negative indirect impact through their effects on the production environment.     

Assessing the Impact of the ‘Decoupling’ Reform of the Common Agricultural Policy on Irish Farmers’ Off‐farm Labour Market Participation Decisions

This paper assesses the impact of the ‘decoupling’ reform of the Common Agricultural Policy on the labour allocation decisions of Irish farmers. The agricultural household decision‐making model provides the conceptual and theoretical framework to examine the interaction between government subsidies and farmers’ time allocation decisions. The relationship postulated is that ‘decoupling’ of agricultural support from production would probably result in a decline in the return to farm labour but it would also lead to an increase in household wealth. The effect of these factors on how farmers allocate their time is tested empirically using labour participation and labour supply models. The models developed are sufficiently general for application elsewhere. The main findings for the Irish situation are that the decoupling of direct payments is likely to increase the probability of farmers participating in the off‐farm employment market and that the amount of time allocated to off‐farm work will increase.     

Farmers’ Income and Production Responses to Rural Taxation Reform in Three Regions in China

The relationship between agricultural taxation and production efficiency has been thoroughly explored for many countries. Recently, China has taken various measures including the rural taxation reform (RTR) to promote grain production and to increase farmer incomes. In this study, we investigate whether the Chinese policy of abolishing rural taxation has improved farm households’ incomes and affected their production decisions. Using household survey data obtained from three regions in China, we estimate the effect of the RTR on farmers’ income. Results show that the RTR has significantly improved farmers’ post‐tax net income by 9.2% in Shandong, 16.9% in Shanxi and 16.8% in Zhejiang. These increments, mostly from farm income rather than from off‐farm income, are much higher than the direct income increase from the tax savings. In addition, we examine the dynamic impact of farmers’ net income, and find that the RTR has a sustained positive income effect in Shandong and Shanxi, whereas its positive effect in Zhejiang appears temporary. We also examine farmers’ production responses to the RTR. Results show that farmers in the three regions respond in different ways: farmers in Shandong significantly increase their labour input, farmers in Zhejiang increase intermediate inputs, whereas Shanxi farmers augment their intermediate inputs and enlarge their crop acreage. It appears that the farmers’ responses to the taxation reform vary due to the agronomic and economic factors in these three regions, suggesting that diverse post‐RTR supplemental policies should be implemented in different regions.     

陕西省主要粮食作物生产成本收益研究——以小麦、玉米为例

陕西省是我国的农业大省,粮食作物的生产成本和收益与农民收入直接相关,对农村经济的可持续发展具有重要影响。文章分析了陕西省主要粮食作物的种植现状,以小麦、玉米为例探究了主要粮食作物的生产成本收益,并对生产中存在的问题及潜力进行了详细分析,结果表明,尽管实施了多项惠农政策,粮食作物生产仍表现为成本高,收益低,农民播种积极性不高;粮食生产面临形势严峻,但陕西省粮食生产有很大的潜力可以挖掘。该文还提出了提高农民耕种积极性、提高粮食作物单产水平、实现农业产业化等对策建议,以期为提高粮食作物产量和品质,提高生产成本收益提供一定依据。     

A portfolio analysis of incentive programmes for conservation,restoration and timber plantations in Southern Ecuador

This paper uses portfolio analysis to study how the Ecuadorian incentive programme for forest conservation and restoration (Socio Bosque), and an incentive programme for timber plantations, may reduce income risk and/or maximise returns for a given level of risk for farmers in the municipality of Loja. The main existing land use in the research area is milk production on pasture, with some farmers having forest land. Our results suggest that most farmers would significantly increase the area under conservation and/or restoration as part of their risk reduction strategies, compared to a decision based solely on expected returns. However, in land use allocations that maximise the return per unit of risk, a small group of milk producers without forest would continue milk production on most of their land. In addition, milk producers with forest would significantly decrease deforestation under the land use allocations made when conservation incentives are available. Against this we also identify a likely shift of milk production from existing pasture to new pasture established on deforested land, which provides evidence of a potential ‘leakage effect’. In addition, the incentive programmes would only lead to small areas of tree plantations being established. None of the land use combinations (portfolios) analysed would increase the income of all households to above the poverty line, as the monetary incentives are too low and many farms are too small. For forest holders all the land use combinations we studied would have a positive impact on income, but we observed a negative impact on household income for milk producers without forest. For producers without any forest, there seems to be a trade-off between maximising household income and risk reduction through combining incentives for restoration and tree plantations.     

影响林农木本食品安全生产因素研究

根据农户行为理论分析结果,运用Tobit模型对浙江省杭州市临安区的119户山核桃种植户安全生产行为的影响因素进行实证分析。研究结果表明:性别、年龄、受教育程度、户主对农药危害认知以及是否参加合作社对林农进行山核桃安全生产具有显著的负向影响;经营地产量、户主化肥使用标准以及种植户所在地区对林农进行山核桃安全生产具有显著的正向影响。因此,为了规范木本食品安全生产,从林农角度而言,应加强学习相关种植知识并提升个人素质;从政府和山核桃种植协会而言,应加强对林农进行安全用药知识宣传并组织技术培训,此外还应推进山核桃种合作社建立。     

禽流感发生后家禽养殖农户的生产行为变化分析

本文以中国散养及中小规模家禽养殖农户为主要研究对象,利用实地调研数据分析禽流感爆发前后家禽养殖农户的生产行为变化,包括家禽生产和投入变化、养殖及疫病防疫技术行为的变化以及损失和政府补偿情况。通过比较农户生产及投入的变化发现,禽流感爆发确实对中国家禽养殖农户造成一定的冲击,但是冲击影响的程度因农户的饲养规模而异。禽流感发生后农户的养殖技术尤其是动物疫病防疫技术行为明显改善。禽流感疫区内的家禽养殖农户会有较大的直接损失,与损失相比,政府的现金补偿略显不足。     

农业生产性服务对玉米生产技术效率的影响研究——基于微观数据的实证分析

[目的]探究农业生产性服务对玉米生产技术效率的影响,引导农业生产性服务精准化发展,有助于维稳国家粮食安全,尽早实现农业现代化和乡村振兴发展目标。[方法]文章利用对黑龙江省13市47村298个玉米种植户的微观数据,构建随机前沿生产函数模型对玉米生产技术效率进行测算,并在此基础上构建技术无效率模型,实证检验农业生产性服务对玉米生产技术效率是否产生重要影响。[结果]目前玉米生产技术效率平均值在75%左右,有较大提升空间;农资供应服务、农业技术服务、农业信息服务、农机作业服务均能够显著提高玉米生产技术效率,但影响程度存在一定差异,其中农业信息服务对玉米生产技术效率的作用效果最为明显,其次是农机作业服务、农业技术服务和农资供应服务;性别、年龄、受教育程度、是否担任村干部、是否有农地流转、玉米收入占比对提高玉米生产技术效率有显著正向影响,是否兼业对提高玉米生产技术效率有显著负向影响。[结论]提高玉米生产技术效率要从完善农业生产性服务体系、建立农村信息服务平台、提高农户认知水平等方面入手。