PLURIACTIVITY,FARM STRUCTURES AND RURAL CHANGE

This paper begins by looking at some of the reasons why farm household pluriactivity, although long-standing, has now become a phenomenon of interest to European policymakers. This European concern is then compared with the current interest of UK policymakers and academics in the related concept of farm diversification. In many respects, UK policies differ significantly from those in the rest of Europe, most notably in their neglect of off-farm income-earning opportunities, and the reasons for this are discussed. Furthermore, it is argued that a preoccupation with forms of diversification or pluriactivity is likely to be less helpful analytically than a focus on underlying farm business and farm household strategies. Finally, some preliminary results of empirical work in Devon and Grampian are presented which suggest that farm household strategies may be at variance with prior expectations in some respects.     

FARM NET VALUE ADDED IN SCOTLAND AND THE DESIGNATION OF AREAS FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE

Recent procedures for selecting disadvantaged areas for European Community rural development assistance have specified criteria including low levels of agricultural income and GDP per capita, and proportionately high levels of agricultural employment. The first of these is measured by Farm Net Value Added per Annual Work Unit (FNVA per AWU). This paper presents a methodology which estimates FNVA and AWU for Scottish parishes using data from the Farm Accounts Scheme and the June agricultural census. The ratio of FNVA to AWU is then estimated for various aggregations of parishes, such as Scottish Districts, Regions, and areas currently designated for various rural development programmes. Although only one among several important criteria for targeting rural development aid, the pattern of FNVA per AWU generally supports the current allocation of funding. The results also give some indication of priority areas for future targeting on a more local scale.     

AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND FARM INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN LDCs

There were remarkable and sustained increases in agricultural and food production in the developing countries over the last three decades. But the fruits of this progress were not shared by all, and many remain in poverty. Some believe this due to the unequal distribution of benefits and accordingly claim that an agricultural strategy which focuses on reducing disparities of income, assets and access is the most important objective for agricultural development. This approach is justified by claims of wide and increasing disparities of income in the agricultural sectors of LDCs. This paper looks at the evidence for such claims and finds that they cannot be supported by hard evidence. Indeed, the few valid studies of agricultural income distribution show modest disparities. Accordingly, redistribution strategies, especially those aimed at uni-modal farm sectors, are rejected as unnecessary, undesirable and unachievable (without destroying the main spring of agricultural progress). On the contrary, it is urged that growth in productivity, output and incomes should be the dominant development objective to encourage, as many examples show, the enterprise, ability and energy of small farmers and their families. Such a strategy produces a degree of unequal distribution of benefits which reflects the distribution of personal qualities and endowments and acts as an incentive to their exercise. To keep disparities within bounds, agricultural policies relating to pricing, extension, credit, research and so on should aim at widening the number of small farmer beneficiaries of agricultural development.     

湖北省乡村旅游资源开发评价模型与产业发展模式探析

文章以湖北省鄂东红色地区为例,构建了乡村旅游资源开发评价模型,以薄刀锋旅游区、天台山旅游区、龙凤山生态园区、东坡赤壁景区、大别山风景区和黄梅现代农业园区作为鄂东红色地区为代表区域,运用层次分析法对其乡村旅游资源进行了综合性评价。其次通过乡村旅游地区资源评价模型的构建对鄂东红色地区乡村旅游资源进行了定性和定量评价,结果显示,黄梅现代农业园区在鄂东红色地区旅游资源开发方面排名最高,大别山风景区最低。最后针对湖北省乡村旅游资源产业的发展模式进行了分析,为湖北省乡村旅游资源的开发和产业发展提供理论指导。     

河南省乡村旅游开发与产业发展战略研究

[目的]河南乡村旅游资源产业时空布局良好且发展潜力巨大,研究其乡村旅游开发与产业发展模式问题有重要的现实意义。[方法]文章采用文献资料法、个案研究法、经验总结法等方法以河南省乡村旅游产业为研究对象,探索其乡村旅游开发与产业发展模式的现状与特点、发展中存在的不足等相关问题。[结果]在此基础上,根据调查研究得出河南省应该从发展"特色产业拉动"模式、"服务带动"模式、"景观休憩"模式、"文化探寻"模式来提升河南省乡村旅游开发与产业发展质量。[结论]该研究解决了目前河南省乡村旅游业发展所面临的瓶颈,对于其实现可持续发展和深入推进新农村建设提供了可借鉴的参考。     

农村电子商务发展与农村富余劳动力安置问题研究

随着中国城镇化进程不断推进,农村现代化加速运行,尤其是中国农村土地制度产生了重大的变革,中国农村需要面对的剩余劳动力转移与安置问题愈发严重。怎么将这些劳动力从农业转移到其它生产部门,在安置劳动力保证社会平稳过渡的同时,实现农村经济长期可持续发展,是我国在实现农业现代化与新型城市化中必须要解决的问题。文章为研究我国的富余劳动力安置问题,从中国农村土地流转改革与新型城镇化发展这一重要现实背景出发,分析目前与未来中国产生大量农村富余劳动力的转移安置与可持续发展的前景,在产业不断优化转移的大趋势下以农村电商的发展为突破口,从目前我国农村电子商务的现状、问题以及农村电商的发展出路进行了分析,得出农村电商将成为中国农村剩余劳动力的重要安置路径之一。     

山西省乡村旅游资源开发与产业发展策略探析

[目的]通过分析山西省乡村旅游资源开发现状及产业发展情况,提出缩小区域差异、提升旅游资源开发水平、运用现代化推广技术等发展意见解决山西省乡村旅游业发展道路上的问题。[方法]文章采用层次分析法(AHP),对山西省乡村旅游资源的各级指标权重进行确定,对其旅游资源开发与产业发展策略进行研究。[结果]山西乡村环境舒适得分最高,自然资源是开发乡村旅游的优势。乡村旅游可进入性得分为0. 81,可进入状况良好。山西乡村权重为0. 534,乡村性特点不突出。山西乡村旅游资源的设施因子得分较高,乡村旅游景点设施配备比较齐全,开发空间和潜力较大。外围吸引物权重最低,可利用自然风景资源、农业资源互补的组合优势进行乡村旅游的开发。评价结果总分为6. 25,这表明指标权重得到调研对象的一致认可。[结论]山西乡村旅游资源开发的综合特征前3位的权重顺序为乡村性乡村资源可进入性。山西省在乡村旅游业的经营与发展上存在的问题主要有乡村旅游区域差异明显、旅游资源开发层次较浅、乡村旅游地缺乏知名度等,这些问题在很大程度上限制了山西省乡村旅游业的进一步发展。     

四川省新农村建设与乡村旅游发展耦合性分析

［目的］积极发展乡村旅游是社会主义新农村建设的重要内容,研究两者之间的耦合协调关系,对促进新农村建设和乡村旅游的发展,实现农业产业转型具有重要的现实意义。［方法］在构建新农村建设与乡村旅游发展水平综合评价指标的基础上,采用耦合度和耦合协调度模型,研究2010—2016年四川省新农村建设与乡村旅游发展之间的耦合协调关系。［结果］（1）2010—2016年,新农村建设和乡村旅游发展评价值呈明显的上升趋势,新农村建设的评价值由0169增加到0751,增长了345倍,乡村旅游发展的评价值由0033 7增加到10,增长了2897倍,新农村建设和乡村旅游发展取得了明显成效。（2）2010—2016年,新农村建设与乡村旅游发展由低度耦合（2010年）向中等耦合过渡（2012—2016年）,两系统之间的关联度较高。（3）2010—2016年,新农村建设与乡村旅游发展的耦合协调度逐年递增,耦合协调度由0207提高到了0650,由低度协调耦合逐步演变为高度协调耦合。［结论］四川省新农村建设与乡村旅游发展的整体效应和协同效应保持平稳增长,但还有较大的提升空间,如何实现两者之间的互动持续发展仍然是今后要重视的问题。     

EFFECTS ON FARM INCOMES AND RURAL LABOUR OF A RELATIVE INCREASE IN WAGES*

We use the concept of the elasticity of farm incomes with respect to changes in input prices to analyse the effects of a large increase in relative wages on selected measures of farm incomes. In order to estimate the elasticity of farm incomes we have to estimate elasticities and cross-elasticities of demand and supply for farm labour and capital. The estimates of elasticity of demand for operator and hired labour allow us to calculate the impact of a rise in wages on numbers of farmers and hired labour employed in agriculture.     

ATTITUDES TOWARDS FARM DIVERSIFICATION: RESULTS FROM A SURVEY OF DEVON FARMS

Evidence from a survey of farmers' reactions to milk quotas suggests that there remains a fundamental divide between policymakers' views of the future farm and those of the farmers themselves. This paper examines this dichotomy in the context of one important milk-producing county, Devon. Here an emphasis at County Council level on non-agricultural diversification is found to contrast with the actions and intentions of sampled farmers. These favour instead an increase in farm self-sufficiency and an exploration of mainstream farming options, particularly an increase in beef and sheep enterprises.     

乡村旅游高质量发展赋能乡村振兴潜力评价及障碍因素诊断

目的 乡村旅游高质量发展的经济、社会、环境、文化、民生维度目标与乡村振兴的“产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕”总要求是相呼应的,乡村旅游高质量发展是赋能乡村振兴的重要引擎,文章构建乡村旅游高质量发展赋能乡村振兴潜力的测度体系。方法 运用熵权法、TOPSIS、障碍度模型分析我国乡村旅游高质量发展赋能乡村振兴潜力水平的时空特征及障碍因素。结果 我国乡村旅游高质量发展赋能乡村振兴的潜力水平总体不高,且区域差异较大,东部地区发展水平普遍高于中西部地区;与省域相比,上海、北京和天津等大都市的潜力水平处于较高等级,高水平地区从点状分散向集聚分布格局转变,部分省域的等级呈现动态变化。结论 经济、文化、社会维度是准则层的主要障碍因素,其中文化维度的障碍度呈降低趋势,环境、社会维度的障碍度呈增大趋势;环境治理、绿化覆盖、客源市场消费能力、产业规模、居民消费水平是指标层的主要障碍因素。     

新农村建设背景下乡村旅游产业发展问题及对策建议

乡村旅游产业的发展已成为优化农村产业结构、实施新农村建设的重要着力点和途径。文章主要结合国内外乡村旅游产业发展概况分析我国目前乡村旅游发展中存在的资金投入不合理,基础设施仍待完善;旅游产品单一,同质化严重;资源开发过度,生态环保工作跟进不力;季节性过强,经营方式亟需优化;发展缺乏认识,从业人员的专业素质有待提高;政策和法规不完善,缺乏整体的规划管理等问题。同时提出实施整体规划;提升农民的参与度;紧随政策,多方合作;实施可持续的旅游资源开发等新农村建设背景下乡村旅游发展原则与对策。结合实际相应提出加强乡村旅游业的基础设施建设;加强产品开发,实现乡村旅游深化发展;加强资源保护,实现乡村旅游的可持续发展;加强人员培训,提高乡村旅游的管理和服务水平;优化规划管理,进一步完善旅游保障体系;转变观念,加深认识等具体建议,以期为我国乡村旅游产业的持续健康发展提供一定的借鉴。     

我国劳动力转移和中小企业发展

我国农业劳动力转移是社会经济发展的难点,发展中小企业是解决难点的有效途径。提出农业劳动力转移和发展中小企业需要克服农业劳动力转移的障碍,建立中小企业的法律、法规体系,完善中小企业的宏面管理体制等对策。     

农业产业化与欠发达地区农村经济发展

在论述了农业产业化是推进经济欠发达地区农业发展的现实选择的基础上,分析了该地区农业产业化发展存在的问题,以及推进农业产业化发展的对策.