WTO多哈议程上的服务贸易谈判

<正> 根据《服务贸易总协定》第19条的规定,新一轮服务贸易谈判作为 WTO 一项既定议程,于2000年2月就启动了,并且 WTO 成员于2001年3月达成了指导本轮服务贸易谈判的指导原则和程序,即《服务贸易谈判指导原则和程序》(简称“谈判指导原则”),确定了谈判的目标、原则、范围及谈判的形式和程序。WTO 多哈部长级会议以后,服务贸易谈判成为多哈《部长宣言》所指的“多哈议程”的一部分。     

不难理解的难题——WTO新一轮服务贸易谈判中的人员跨界流动

世界贸易组织(WTO)《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)要求其成员通过不断进行的多边谈判逐步使服务贸易自由化,并要求首轮谈判应不迟于WTO成立5年后开始。因此,WTO成员于2000年初开始了首轮服务贸易谈判,实际上比多哈回合提前几乎两年。2001年3月28日,服务贸易理事会根据《服务贸易     

新一轮WT0服务贸易谈判及我国在谈判中的价值取向

世界贸易额增长与构成的变化表明，服务贸易的发展速度大大高于货物贸易的发展速度，服务贸易将成为正在启动的新一轮WTO谈判的焦点与核心话题。全面评析乌拉圭回合服务贸易谈判，研判新一轮WTO服务贸易谈判的发展走势，合理确定我国在谈判中的价值取向，有利于树立中国在WTO中的形象，争取在世界市场上获得尽可能多的利益。并可适度保护和加快促进相对落后的国内服务业的发展。     

多哈回合服务贸易谈判:成果、挑战与我国的对策

正一、WTO多哈回合服务贸易谈判的进程与成果根据《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)的规定,2000年新一轮服务贸易谈判启动。2001年,WTO多哈部长级会议决定把服务贸易谈判纳入《多哈发展议程》(DDA),服务贸易正式成为多哈回合的重要谈判议题。多哈部长级会议要求各成员在2002年6月30日前提交具体承诺的初步要价,在2003年3月31日前提交初步出价,并不迟于     

新一轮WTO服务贸易谈判及我国在谈判中的价值取向

世界贸易额增长与构成的变化表明,服务贸易的发展速度大大高于货物贸易的发展速度,服务贸易将成为正在启动的新一轮WTO谈判的焦点与核心话题.全面评析乌拉圭回合服务贸易谈判,研判新一轮WTO服务贸易谈判的发展走势,合理确定我国在谈判中的价值取向,有利于树立中国在WTO中的形象,争取在世界市场上获得尽可能多的利益,并可适度保护和加快促进相对落后的国内服务业的发展.     

如何在环境服务贸易谈判中凸显中国利益

环境服务贸易谈判已经成为WTO以及双边和区域自贸区谈判的重要内容。进一步扩大环境服务市场的开放常常是中国在环境服务贸易谈判中面临的核心要价，如何在谈判中认识和反映中国的利益是我们需要研究的重点课题和核心所在。     

WTO服务谈判陷入危机?

在日内瓦参与WTO服务贸易谈判的一些关键人物认为，由于很多成员尚未提及出价或认真的出价，目前谈判已陷入危机。当然也有—部分人认为，根本不存在危机，服务贸易也并未落后于农业或非衣谈判。     

中国的服务贸易发展和参与多哈发展议程谈判情况

中国在入世谈判中在服务贸易领域作出了广泛和深入的承诺。近年来中国服务业发展取得长足进展,但同时在一些重要的敏感领域中也面临挑战,需要我们认真对待。中国非常积极和认真地参与了多哈发展议程的服务贸易谈判,并就当前的服务贸易谈判如何体现发展的主题以及如何推动服务贸易谈判提出了几点主张。     

WTO通过开放服务贸易谈判文件

<正> 据泰国驻WTO代表团透露,WTO成员已通过了开放服务贸易谈判的有关文件。这些文件的主要内容包括: 谈判目标——强调发展中国家的灵活性,即开放服务贸易须符合发展中国家的政策和国家的开放程度。谈判范围——可涉及各个领域,不过没有必要开放所谈判的每个领域,允许有灵活性,只谈判必须开放的领域。此外谈判必须涵盖发展中国家已取得成就的领域,主要是发展中国家所希望选择其具有专长的领域谈判。     

我国环境产品界定及清单完善思考

随着环境问题在全球不断升温,世界各国纷纷开始重视能源和环境问题。"贸易与环境"议题成为WTO新一轮多边谈判的唯一崭新议题。2001年,《多哈宣言》第31(Ⅲ)段中规定要求各成员国要降低或适当消除有关环境产品和服务的关税和非关税壁垒。环境产品贸易自由化趋势不可逆转。探讨WTO环境产品贸易谈判的由来和最新进展,弄清WTO环境产品的界定,并结合我国实际情况完善对我国贸易有利的环境产品清单。     

纳米技术在聚烯烃中的研究进展

综述了聚烯烃纳米复合材料的优点、使用价值和近年来国内外聚烯烃纳米复合材料的研究进展，并介绍了无机粒子／聚烯烃复合材料和粘土／聚烯烃复合材料，重点阐述了粘土与聚乙烯、聚丙烯纳米复合材料的制备方法及粘土／聚烯烃纳米复合材料插层热力学分析，对目前聚烯烃纳米复合材料存在问题及发展前景进行了探讨。     

Healthy Investments in Investing in Health

This article discusses socially responsible investing (SRI) and tobacco. SRI allows investors, both institutional and individual, to express their concerns and make their social and ethical stands known to the companies they invest in and patronize. The tobacco industry is active in every country on the globe and generates huge profits, while tobacco use is responsible for 4 million deaths every year.The authors explore past and current views on investment in tobacco, partly based on a survey conducted by the Tobacco Free Initiative of the World Health Organization (WHO). There is clearly a trend toward divestment from tobacco for both ethical and financial reasons. Tobacco-free investments can be both ethically sound and financially profitable.     

Developments in Consumer Protection in India

This paper surveys the major developments in the field of consumer protection in India since 1984, when the statutory provisions for regulating unfair trade practices were incorporated for the first time.Among the developments described in the paper is the strengthening of provisions for consumer protection through amendments to the Act regulating restrictive and monopolistic trade practices (the MTRP Act). Public-sector undertakings and co-operative societies have been brought within the purview of the Act, and consumers have obtained the right to participate in inquiry proceedings before the MRTP Commission.Consumers and their associations have been given the right to seek redress of grievances arising out of the violation of certain pieces of legislation, including the Drugs and Cosmetics Act. The Consumer Protection Act, 1986, was enacted in order to provide speedy and inexpensive redress of consumers' grievances. Redress can now be sought before any consumer court also for negligence or deficiency in medical services.The Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986, has strengthened the measures for the standardisation and quality control of manufactured goods.A Consumer Welfare Fund has been set up to provide financial assistance to voluntary consumer organisations and for the general development of consumer movement in the country. A spurt in voluntary consumer organisations in different parts of the country can also be observed.Other developments include the establishment of a separate Department of Consumer Affairs in the Union Government and the setting up of a Consumer Product Testing Laboratory.     

关于我国资产证券化若干问题的探讨

资产证券化是一项复杂的金融工具创新,引进和实施这种新型的融资工具需要大量的配套工作。我国实施资产证券化需要解决特设机构的设立、基础资产的选择、破产隔离、信用增级、会计处理、税收政策以及立法和监管等方面的问题。     

Economic Keywords in 2007 in China

RMB exchange rate The exchange rate of Renminbi,the Chinese currency, witnessed an appreciation of around six percent to one U.S. dollar this year. On December 13, the central parity rate stood at RMB 7.3568 against one dollar,according to the Chinese Foreign Exchange Trading System, breaking the 7.36 mark.     

Conflict in Supplier–Retailer Relationships in the Brewery Industry in Cameroon

The authors develop a theoretical framework to explain conflict in supplier–retailer relationships. In addition to traditional influence strategy variables, the framework links conflict to retailer dependence and supplier formalization. The framework is empirically tested in the Cameroonian brewery industry. The findings support the view that channel conflict is inversely related to retailer dependence and supplier formalization. Contrary to expectations, the use of noncoercive influence strategies (information exchange and recommendations) has no significant effect on conflict, while, as expected, the use of coercive influence strategies (threats and promises) increases conflict.     

粤北山区砖园仓储粮机械通风应用研究

在砖园仓机械通风应用试验中,正确运用理论计算,精确得出通风技术数据,依此设计通风系统,结果表明：在实仓运行中,检测的主要技术参数和设计值基本相符,经136h通风,粮温从38℃降至13℃,吨粮降温耗电0.011℃,降温好、电耗低,证明设计方法正确,符合南方稻谷产区,解决了基层普遍存在的砖园仓机械通风盲目设计问题,为规范设计作出了示范,验证了粮层压力正确计算方法。     

Recent advances in reinforcement learning in finance

The rapid changes in the finance industry due to the increasing amount of data have revolutionized the techniques on data processing and data analysis and brought new theoretical and computational challenges. In contrast to classical stochastic control theory and other analytical approaches for solving financial decision-making problems that heavily reply on model assumptions, new developments from reinforcement learning (RL) are able to make full use of the large amount of financial data with fewer model assumptions and to improve decisions in complex financial environments. This survey paper aims to review the recent developments and use of RL approaches in finance. We give an introduction to Markov decision processes, which is the setting for many of the commonly used RL approaches. Various algorithms are then introduced with a focus on value- and policy-based methods that do not require any model assumptions. Connections are made with neural networks to extend the framework to encompass deep RL algorithms. We then discuss in detail the application of these RL algorithms in a variety of decision-making problems in finance, including optimal execution, portfolio optimization, option pricing and hedging, market making, smart order routing, and robo-advising. Our survey concludes by pointing out a few possible future directions for research.