情势变更原则的适用条件之分析

一、必须有依法有效成立且尚未履行完毕的合同 首先,合同必须已经生效,无效的合同和已经被撤销合同效力的可撤销合同不适用情势变更原则,因为它们欠缺合同生效要件或生效要件存有瑕疵,     

后合同义务与合同义务的界分标准

合同过程可分为协商订立阶段、履行阶段以及合同履行完毕阶段。将合同法律关系向履行后阶段扩张,旨在维护履行利益完整性,更好地保护交易安全。合同履行完毕后当事人负有的义务为后合同义务。本文通过对后合同义务发生时间的研究,明确其与各合同义务在产生时间上的界分。     

浅析侵权责任与缔约过失责任的竞合——以《合同法》第四十三条的规定为视角

本文以《合同法》第四十三条规定的侵犯商业秘密为视角,以证明侵权责任与缔约过失责任竞合的存在是有其合理性。侵犯商业秘密应该承担责任是由于行为人违反保密附随义务。需要注意的是：合同法上的保密附随义务有可能发生在三个阶段：合同订立过程中、合同履行过程中、合同履行完毕后,此处指合同订立过程中产生的先合同保密义务。     

合同法缔约过失责任初探

在传统的合同法中，合同当事人之间权利义务关系仅仅存续于合同的成立与履行完毕这一段时间。如果合同关系尚不存在或未成立，就无所谓违约责任可言。因此，在合同因一方当事人缔约时的过失不成立或无效时，如何保护受损失的一方当事人的利益，就成为违约责任不能解决的问题。缔约过失责任就是为了解决这一难题而产生的。但由于理论争议较大，缔约过失责任在实践中产生了一些争议。本为即对这一问题作一初步探析。     

浅谈合同的成立与生效

合同的成立与生效,是合同法律制度中两种不同制度。在大多数情况下,合同成立时即具备了生效的要件,因而其成立和生效时间是一致的。依法成立的合同自成立时生效。合同成立并不等于合同生效,不成立不是无效。认识和掌握合同成立与生效的联系与区别,对于正确认定合同法律关系及合同效力具有十分重要的意义。     

到底是过错责任原则 还是无过错责任原则——对联合国《公约》和我国《涉外经济合同法》违约归责原则的探讨

在当代各国的合同法和买卖法中,对于如何确定合同当事人的违约责任,即采取过错责任原则抑或无过铅责任原则,是一个重大问题。这个问题之所以重要,在于它不仅是理论问题,而且是直接关系到在具体事件中评判标准的实际问题。我国《涉外经济合同法》为涉外经济合同的成立、履行、违约责任等一系列问题提供了我国的法律准则。另外,我国已成为联合国《国际货物销售合同公约》的缔约国,该公约今年1月1日开始生效。因此。     

合同有效与合同生效的区分及现实意义

判断一个合同的效力状态大体上可分为三步:合同成立-合同有效-合同生效。合同成立是基于法律标准对法律事实的判断,只涉及当事人之间的意思表示,不涉及法律的评价;合同有效是在合同成立的基础上,对合同进行的法律上的评价,一般而言,合同有效时便可同时生效,但是对于一些特殊合同如附期限和附条件生效的合同,合同有效后并未立即生效,在期限未到达或条件未成就时,合同并不是无效,而是处于未生效状态。对于合同成立与合同生效,在理论界和审判实践中能够进行有效区分,但对于合同有效与合同生效,则经常被混淆。为了准确界定合同的效力状态以及避免司法实践中的裁判尴尬,有必要对合同有效与合同生效进行区分。     

浅议合同成立与合同效力

<正> 已废止的《经济合同法》对合同成立与合同生效的表述较模糊,实践中常出现将两者等同的情况。合同实践中,当事人误将合同成立当作合同生效,是引起合同纠纷的原因之。1999年10月1日施行的《合同法》对合同成立、合同生效、合同无效等均作了明确规定。 一、合同成立 合同成立,是指合同当事人经过协商达到意思一致的事实。从合同订立看,一方的要约得到了对方的承     

浅析合同法的缔约过失责任

缔约过失责任制度这一概念的提出对各国立法、判例产生了深远的影响,被评为法学上的重要发现。缔约过失责任的前提条件是发生在双方缔约过程中,违背诚实信用原则这一责任承担方式而不是表现为具体的契约,因此,缔约过失责任又被称为一种"先合同义务",即当事人双方在订立合同的过程中因诚实信用原则所必须承担的义务。这种义务是法律保证缔约当事人的信赖利益不受他人侵害,将诚实信用原则的要求融汇其中的特殊义务。缔约当事人在履行缔约过程中应着重尊重诚实信用原则,在交易上尽必要之注意,相互协作、相互照顾、相互保护等等义务,从而使合同善意的得到成立,生效直至被履行,实现对方当事人的信赖利益。     

论合同的裁判变更

合同变更,通常意义上是指合同有效成立后,尚未履行或未完全履行前,当事人双方就合同的有关条款达成修改或补充协议,从而改变原合同的内容。在合同有效成立后,一方当事人要变更合同的内容,须征得对方当事人的同意。擅自变更的,即构成违约,应依法承担违约责任。因此,在合同变更问     

Contractual Satisfaction: The Polish and Tanzanian Perspectives

Purpose: Interfirm satisfaction has been studied at the aggregate level, which has limited use in terms of understanding specific dimensions. Contractual satisfaction relates to the specific level of analyzing interfirm satisfaction. This study contributes towards understanding contractual satisfaction and the contextual nature of the concept. To achieve the latter, two heterogeneous emerging markets were used (Poland and Tanzania).

Methodology: The study was conducted in Poland and Tanzania, focusing on manufacturing firms. The sample included 201 Polish firms and 240 Tanzanian firms.

Findings: The major findings suggest that ex ante costs and ex post specifications have a significant positive effect on contractual satisfaction, with a stronger effect in Poland. Behavioral uncertainty has a significant moderating effect on these two constructs in Tanzania but not in Poland, whereas the moderating effect of trust is found to be significantly positive in Poland but negative in Tanzania.

Research Implications: The nature of markets and institutions has an influence on business to business relations.

Practical Implications: Contractual satisfaction is not homogeneous across markets; managers should pay attention to specific contextual factors such as institutions and the stage they are at in their transformation.

Originality: The study looks specifically at contractual satisfaction and extends the contractual governance literature by considering heterogeneous emerging markets.     

交易费用、农户认知及其契约选择——基于浙赣琼黔的调研

对中国四省份507户农户的农产品流通渠道契约选择意愿的研究发现,农户对合作社和合同销售模式的认知程度低,其契约选择意愿与实际契约选择之间差异显著。传统市场流通模式在现实中仍占主导地位,但农户的契约选择意愿倾向于合同模式和合作社模式。因子分析和多元 Logistic 回归分析的结果显示,农户对市场信息和销售渠道的认知、农户谈判能力以及农户的文化水平和党员身份都显著影响其契约模式选择意愿。政策启示是,要继续加大对现代农产品流通体系的宣传力度,提高农户认知水平; 加强农村信息化服务建设,降低农户信息搜寻成本; 加强政府对超市和农业龙头企业与农户开展合同产销模式的支持和监管,稳定农户和各类农产品流通主体的利益联结机制。     

Contractual Completeness: A Comparison of Two Heterogeneous Emerging Markets

ABSTRACT

Interfirm contractual relations form an essential part of firms' survival. Such relations will likely differ across markets due to country-specific factors. Despite this understanding, there are few studies that examine interfirm contractual relations across markets. This article examines determinants of contractual completeness in two heterogeneous emerging markets (Tanzania and Poland). The terms “advanced” (Poland) and “less advanced” (Tanzania) are used to distinguish these two emerging markets and in the development of the hypotheses. The findings indicate that the dimensions involving weaker relational ties among firms have a stronger positive effect on contractual completeness in the relatively advanced emerging market than in the less advanced one, while stronger relational dimensions had a stronger positive effect in the less advanced emerging market.     

The effect of loyalty program expiration policy on consumer behavior

Although loyalty programs can help divert costs to the future by using delayed rewards, unredeemed program currency can become significant liability for the firm. To alleviate this concern, many programs have introduced a point expiration date or have shortened their expiration time horizon. This issue of point expiration has received scant attention in the literature. Contrary to an intuitive negative effect one would expect from a more stringent expiration policy, our real-life data and lab experiment demonstrated that a finite expiration policy can affect purchases positively but only for consumers who have the flexibility to adapt their behavior to such a policy. We identified usage level and engagement in multi-store shopping as two sources contributing to flexibility. Overall, our findings point to a need to understand one’s customer base to design the optimal point expiration policy and program communication.     

农产品供应链中小型生产组织契约化管理问题研究

本文首先对农产品供应链管理及契约关系的内涵作了简要介绍,并指出在我国农产品供应链中,核心企业与小型生产组织的合作关系主要体现为弱契约关系特征.在对弱契约关系产生的原因进行分析的基础上,进一步论证一般契约关系是二者之间合作关系的一种理性选择.最后从核心企业、政府和农民合作组织的角度,探讨了如何通过契约化管理来保护小型生产组织的利益.     

组合会计政策选择的契约动因研究

本文以2003年进行了自愿性会计政策变更的沪深上市公司数据为研究对象,采用截面修正Jones模型进行操控性应计利润的分离,得到反映企业组合会计政策选择对利润的影响金额,进而检验了组合会计政策选择的三大契约动因。研究发现:权益负债率高、存在报酬契约的公司更可能选择提高当期盈余的组合会计政策,从而证实了债务契约假设和报酬契约假设;由于我国企业所处的特殊政策环境,政治成本假设检验得到与假设相反的结果。     

资产专用性、不确定性与交易的治理模式——基于农业龙头企业与农户间交易的实证研究

交易的治理模式包含正式的合约治理与非正式的关系治理两种,影响治理模式选择的因素很多,其中不确定性和资产专用性是被广泛讨论的两个主要因素,但关于他们的作用却仍然没有统一的研究结论。本文利用来自农业龙头企业与农户间交易的数据,试图在这一特定情境下,对不确定性与资产专用性将如何影响交易的治理模式进行分析。研究发现,相对合约治理来说,农业龙头企业与农户间的关系治理能够更好地应对资产专用性和不确定性带来的风险;而农业龙头企业投入的物质资产专用性的增加也应该伴随着更多的合约治理。本文的研究结果对我国农业龙头企业和农户合作的治理模式选择有一定的实践指导意义。     

The Exporter - Import Agent Contract and the Influence of Cultural Dimensions

This paper examines the relationship between an exporter and an import agent in an international marketing channel using agency theory and cultural dimension frameworks, and proposes a research agenda with five testable propositions from this literature. Agency theory provides a way of forming an efficient exporter-agent contract and suggests that efficient contractual conditions are likely to provide the basis of a successful negotiated outcome. Cultural dimensions are elements that are likely to create obstacles to an efficient contractual outcome. This paper presents the concept of the dimensional gap that exporters may need to bridge in order to form an efficient contractual relationship. We suggest that in a cross cultural encounter, a divergence of cultural dimensions between the parties to the contract will impact adversely on agency costs and lead to contractual inefficiencies. By identifying gaps in the cultural dimensions between contractual parties, and taking steps towards reducing these gaps, the potential for such inefficiencies can be reduced, improving the chances of successful contractual outcomes. The dimensional gap considers the influence of four cultural dimensions on contractual efficiency. This paper presents five testable propositions suggesting that cultural gaps within power distance, individualism and masculinity, can be bridged through greater flexibility and adaptability in management decisions acquired through experience and learning, whereas gaps in long term orientation and uncertainty avoidance are less likely to be influenced by such behaviour. Where the latter condition exists, it is proposed that the potential of high transaction costs will result in exporters by-passing intermediaries and using more integrated forms of entry.     

小农户背景下土地承包经营权流转价格评估机制研究--以湖北省孝感市为例

利用规范研究,结合收益法、Hurwicz准则、层次分析法,得出土地承包经营权流转价格评估模型。基于湖北省孝感市实地调查数据,对评估对象的流转价格进行评估。结果表明:湖北省孝感市陈丰村3.3亩土地承包经营权流转10年的价格为17474.30元,平均每年每亩529.52元,符合实际流转价格。根据评估模型的影响指标,提出了加强技术研究和推广、提高农村机械化种植的普及率、加大投资农业基础设施的建设、重视农村人才培养等建议。     

农地制度实践的地域差异及其出路——金融危机视角下四个村庄案例的分析

金融危机的爆发为我们提供了反观当前农地制度的有益视角。由于地域差异明显,各地农地制度的安排与实践也有明显的区别,因而形成了不同的应对金融危机的实践形态。对这些实践形态进行比较分析发现,农地承包关系的灵活抑或刚性、农地产权的集体所有抑或私有并不是一个非此即彼的关系。从公平与效率两者结合的角度出发,构造一种将农村耕地划分为相对刚性的口粮田以保障农户的基本生存和相对灵活的机动田以保障农户的农业生产,并随人口变动而实现农户个体内部的口粮田与机动田自行补充的"新两田制",有利于农村社会和整个国家应对危机,并为其处理危机赢得了相对宽松的时间与空间条件。