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1.
In Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy Joseph A. Schumpeter concluded that socialism would eventually displace capitalism in Western democracies. This would come
about as a result of the superior performance of capitalism. We extract six “stylized” propositions that are essential elements
of Schumpeter's prediction about the fate of capitalism. These propositions are confronted with the development of the Swedish
economy. The three main results of the analysis are:
(1) The evolution of the Swedish economy closely followed Schumpeter's predictions until about 1980: Large firms became increasingly
predominant in production and innovative activity, ownership of firms became more and more concentrated, individual entrepreneurship
waned in importance, the general public grew increasingly hostile towards capitalism, and by the late 1970s explicit proposals
for a gradual transfer of ownership of firms from private hands were launched.
(2) Design of tax and industrial policies fueled a development of the economy along the lines predicted by Schumpeter. In
general, the policies discouraged private wealth accumulation. In particular, the policies favored concentration of firms
and concentration of private ownership.
(3) The turning point away from the path to socialism coincides with real world developments that disclosed two major flaws
in Schumpeter's analysis. First, the ever more obvious failure of socialism in Eastern Europe went against Schumpeter's assertion
that socialism can work. Second, Schumpeter, who thought that modern technology would make the giant corporation increasingly
predominant, did not foresee the revival of entrepreneurship that took place in the Western countries around 1980. 相似文献
2.
A resource-based view of Schumpeterian economic dynamics 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
John A. Mathews 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):29-54
This paper seeks to offer a theoretical platform where the modern “resource-based view” of the firm might meet with evolutionary
economics and the study of entrepreneurship, and with the economics of industrial organization. It does so by proposing the
concept of the “resource economy” within which productive resources are produced and exchanged between firms. This is presented
as the dual of the mainstream goods and services economy – where the “resource economy” captures the dynamic capital structure
of the economy. The paper is concerned to bring out the distinctive principles governing resource dynamics in the resource
economy, capturing competitive dynamics in such categories as resource creation, replication, propagation, exchange and leverage;
evolutionary dynamics in terms of resource variation, selection and retention; entrepreneurial dynamics in terms of resource
recombination and resource imitation, transfer and substitution; and industrial organizational dynamics in terms of resource
configuration, resource complementarities and resource trajectories. 相似文献
3.
Pontus Braunerhjelm Bo Carlsson Dilek Cetindamar Dan Johansson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(5):471-488
This paper examines the rapid growth of the polymer-based and biomedical clusters in Ohio and Sweden – two regions of similar
size and with similar traditions undergoing similar industrial restructuring.
Two issues are addressed: First, why has growth been so strong in these particular clusters, i.e., can we identify the sources
of the growth and dynamics in these sectors? Second, why do these two clusters differ in Ohio and Sweden in terms of size,
level and type of activity, number and composition of actors, size structure of firms and growth patterns over the last couple
of decades? In particular, what is the role of public policies as well as cultural, historical, and geographic factors?
Our main conclusions are (1) that there is strong path dependence in both clusters in both countries, and (2) that the key
to rapid development is a high absorptive capacity combined with rapid diffusion to new potential users. Our policy discussion
addresses these issues. 相似文献
4.
AbstractOver the course of the neoliberal era, social protection policies have been transformed dramatically; these changes have had profound gender implications. Since the early 1980s, welfare state regimes around the world have shifted away from ‘universalism' towards ‘targeting'. More recently, there has been a further shift—especially in industrialized countries—away from the male-breadwinner to the adult worker model. Despite the progressivity implied by this latter shift, important issues of gender inequality remain unresolved (even in Nordic countries where levels of gender equity are higher than elsewhere). This paper presents a critical review of social protection policies, examined from a gender perspective. The analysis presents a conceptual framework on gender and the welfare state, and examines the experience of major industrialized and developing countries in engendering social policy. In particular, this paper provides a careful examination of care-related programs, since this domain is particularly important to understanding the gendered effects of social protection policies. Finally, the gendered implications of the global crisis and subsequent policy measures are examined. 相似文献
5.
中国人民大学中国宏观经济分析与预测课题组 《经济理论与经济管理》2018,37(2):20
在世界经济同步复苏、稳增长政策持续发力、供给侧结构性改革全面推进、新经济持续向好、市场预期不断改善等因素的作用下,2017年中国宏观经济增速在触底企稳的基础上出现反弹,宏观景气、微观绩效、结构调整以及新动能培育都出现持续改善的局面,整体经济呈现“稳中求进,进中向好”的超预期复苏的态势,中国宏观经济调整取得阶段性胜利。但是,2017年中国经济企稳总体上是政策性、恢复性的,市场力量和趋势性力量还没有企稳,中国宏观经济还没有步入到持续反弹的新周期轨道之中。当前中国经济以下三大特征将是理解中国宏观经济的要点:一是经济企稳但难以快速反弹;二是风险有所缓和但警报并没有解除;三是结构虽有所优化但面临政策退出的冲击。 相似文献
6.
Amartya Lahiri 《Economic Theory》2001,17(1):197-208
Summary. The paper presents a human capital driven endogenous growth model which, in general, permits a multiplicity of equilibrium
balanced growth paths. It is shown that allowing for perfect capital mobility across countries increases the range of parameter values for which the model permits equilibrium indeterminacy. As opposed to the closed capital markets
case, simple restrictions on preferences are no longer sufficient to eliminate the indeterminacy. Intuitively, under perfect
capital mobility agents are able to smooth consumption completely. This induces an economy with open capital markets to behave
like a closed economy with linear preferences thereby increasing the possibility of equilibrium indeterminacy.
Received: 18 November 1998; revised version: 10 August 1999 相似文献
7.
Paul J. Zak 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(3):343-365
Recent biomedical research shows that roughly three-quarters of cognitive abilities are attributable to genetics and family
environment. This paper presents a growth model that characterizes the role of the intergenerational transmission of genes
and the effect of family environment on growth trajectories. If the average human or physical capital stocks are sufficiently
low, the model shows that the economy will be caught in a poverty trap. Conversely, countries with more resources will converge
to a bala nced growth path where the average rate of genetic transmission of skills from parents to children determines the
long-run rate of output growth. Increased genetic diversity (or income inequality) is shown to raise the fertility rate and
reduce output growth in the transitional dynamics. Thus, nature and nurture are able to explain a variety of countries' growth
experiences. 相似文献
8.
J.S. Metcalfe 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):3-15
The central theme of this address is the complicated relationship between the growth of the economy and the growth of knowledge.
This theme is explored with the help of a single concept “restless capitalism” which is used to capture the idea that capitalism
in equilibrium is a contradiction in terms precisely because the growth of knowledge cannot be meaningfully formulated as
the outcome of a constellation of equilibrating forces. This theme is explored through a discussion of growth accounting,
the relationship between innovation, markets and institutions and, as an example, the development of innovation in the field
of ophthalmology. We also discuss some pioneering contributions made by Simon Kuznets and Arthur Burns to the discussion of
evolutionary growth. From this Schumpeterian perspective we see the economy as an ensemble not an aggregate entity and so
see more clearly the importance of microdiversity in the relationship between growth of knowledge and growth of the economy. 相似文献
9.
Birgitte Andersen 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》1999,9(4):487-526
Since the works by the business cycle theorists in the 1930s, no attempts have been made to study empirically the long term
evolution paths of individual technologies starting with long time series. This is an empirical exploration and confirmation
of the now almost assumed image or metaphor of the way technology develops; that it follows an S-shaped growth path which is commonly associated with a similar shaped diffusion function of entrepreneurial activity. The
paper also confirms the diversity of technology dynamics and explores how technological cycle takeoffs appear to be clustered
within certain historical epochs. The results have implications for our understanding of the evolution paths of individual
technologies, and of the evolution of technological systems and waves of innovation.
By use of computational statistics, logistic growth functions are fitted to US patent stocks, 1920–1990, at a detailed level
of aggregation, including chemical, electrical/electronic, mechanical, transport and non-industrial technologies. Some practical
considerations when developing an empirically testable model of innovation cycles are addressed in the paper as well. 相似文献
10.
Knowledge, consumption, and endogenous growth 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Richard N. Langlois 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2001,11(1):77-93
In neoclassical theory, knowledge generates increasing returns – and therefore growth – because it is a public good that
can be costlessly reused once created. In fact, however, much knowledge in the economy is actually tacit and not easily transmitted
–and thus not an obvious source of increasing returns. Several writers have responded to this alarming circumstances by affirming
hopefully that knowledge today is increasingly codified, general, and abstract – and increasingly less tacit. This paper disputes
such a trend. But all is not lost: for knowledge does not have to be codified to be reused and therefore to generate economic
growth. 相似文献
11.
Eyüp Özveren 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(1-2):49-65
This paper evaluates Schumpeter's grand vision as reflected in his Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, and elaborates it in conjunction with the so-called “globalization” trends characteristic of the wake of the twenty-first
century. In addition to the evolutionary nature of his methodology, the institutionalist dimension of Schumpeter's definitions
are brought to light. A case is made for a fundamental process of “uncreative destruction” as far as the institutional setup
of the economy is concerned. The contention of this paper is that there is ample support in Schumpeterian analysis for a counterpoint
to the liberal thesis that envisages the worldwide spread of individualism, market economies, and democratic forms of government. 相似文献
12.
Peter Bernholz 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(1-2):3-16
Starting from a discussion of Schumpeter's analysis of the relationships of capitalism, socialism and democracy, it is shown
that, in a complex society, democracy is only compatible with a decentralized market economy with safe property rights. But
in time democracy shows a tendency to weaken the capitalist system by more and more regulations and an ever-increasing share
of government (including the social security system) in GDP. This tendency is a consequence of political competition because
of the development of interest groups and the presence of rationally uninformed voters. It leads to a weakening of efficiency,
investment, innovation and thus to lower growth rates of GDP. But in time forces opposing this development arise. First, because
of the negative consequences of growing government the welfare and regulatory state is bound to move into a crisis in the
long run. Thus innovative politicians have a chance to win the support of a majority of voters for reform projects, who perceive
finally the ever-increasing burden of higher taxes and regulations and realize that these burdens are not worth the benefits
bestowed on them. In doing so, they may face, however, the competition of ideologies. Second, there are other states with
lower taxes and less unnecessary regulations which show higher growth rates of GDP, and gain thus relative advantages in international
political and military competition since they can command greater resources with the passage of time. To maintain their relative
international power position, reforms are thus considered as necessary by rulers. This may be helped by pressure resulting
from comparisons of the standards of living done by their citizens. 相似文献
13.
Ulrich Witt 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):77-94
Economic policy making is discussed from three different angles: the political economy of actual policy making (“what policy
does do”), the analysis of policy instruments for given ends (“what policy could do”), and the debate on policy goals and
their legitimization (“what policy ought to do”). Center stage in the evolutionary perspective is new, positive and normative
knowledge which is unfolding during the policy making process and in its aftermath. It is argued that this implies regularities
and constraints which extend and modify the comparative-static interpretations of public choice theory, economic policy making
theory, and social philosophy.
RID="*"
ID="*" The author should like to thank three anonymous referees of this journal and the editor for helpful comments on an
earlier version of the paper. 相似文献
14.
Keld Laursen 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(4):415-436
Several researchers looking at the development of international export specialisation patterns have shown that there is a
weak tendency for OECD countries to exhibit decreased levels of specialisation. This finding is in contrast to findings made
by other authors, who found increasing technological specialisation. The first aim of this paper is to investigate whether these contradictory findings are due
to a `real world' phenomenon, or whether the explanation is purely technical, by comparing the development of export specialisation
to specialisation in terms of US patents, using the same methodology and level of aggregation. The second aim is to analyse
the extent to which countries and sectors display stable specialisation patterns over time, also both in terms of exports
and in terms of technology. The paper confirms that the OECD countries tend in general to become less specialised in terms
of exports. The evidence is less conclusive with regard to technological specialisation, as the results are mixed in the sense
that just about half of the countries tend to exhibit increased levels of specialisation, while the other half tend to exhibit
lower levels of specialisation. In terms of country and sectoral stability of specialisation patterns, it can be concluded
that both trade specialisation and technological specialisation patterns are path-dependent. In comparison, however, trade
specialisation patterns are more stable than are technological specialisation patterns. 相似文献
15.
Esben Sloth Andersen 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2001,11(1):143-164
This paper presents the problem of satiation of consumption and technology in relation to a model of evolutionary endogenous
growth. The model represents an attempt to provide an evolutionary economic micro foundation to Pasinetti's scheme of the
structural economic dynamics of an economy that is based on only labour and knowledge. The micro foundation is based on a
set of rules that makes endogenous the demand coefficients, the labour coefficients, and the number of available sectors.
Through process innovations firms increase their productivities with respect to individual goods, but a growth slowdown takes
place unless the benefits from specialisation are exploited at still higher levels. Another cause for slowdown is related
to an Engelian hierarchy of goods. As the standard of living grows, existing sectors and consumption goods satiate, so new
sectors need to be provided by product innovations in a sufficient pace to keep up with the labour that is displaced from
old sectors. 相似文献
16.
Schumpeter and the revival of evolutionary economics: an appraisal of the literature 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
Jan Fagerberg 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):125-159
During the last two decades we have seen a revival of interest in the works of Joseph Schumpeter and “evolutionary” ideas
in economics more generally. A professional society honouring Schumpeter's name has been founded, and linked to it we have
had for more than fifteen years now a professional journal devoted to this stream of thought. However, it has been argued
that, despite these developments, the link between Schumpeter's own work and the more recent contributions to evolutionary
economics is in fact rather weak. This paper considers this claim. Based on an analysis of Schumpeter's contribution to economics
the paper presents an overview and assessment of the more recent literature in this area. It is argued that although there
are important differences between Schumpeter's work and some of the more recent contributions, there nevertheless remains
a strong common core that clearly distinguishes the evolutionary stream from other approaches (such as, for instance, so-called
“new growth theory”).
RID="*"
ID="*" Many people have contributed to this paper in various ways. Jon Hekland at the Norwegian Research Council started it
all by asking me to make an overview of the contribution from “evolutionary economics” to our understanding of contemporary
economies. Several people helped me on the way by supplying written material, comments and suggestions, and I am indebted
to all of them. Brian Arthur, Stan Metcalfe, Keith Pavitt, Erik Reinert, Paolo Saviotti and Bart Verspagen may be particularly
mentioned. A preliminary version was presented at the conference “Industrial R&D and Innovation Policy Learning – Evolutionary
Perspectives and New Methods for Impact Assessment” organised by the Norwegian Research Council (“SAKI”) at Leangkollen, Asker,
April 18–19.2002. I wish to thank the discussant, Tor Jakob Klette, and the participants at the conference for useful feedback.
Moreover I have benefited from comments and suggestions from the editors and referees of this journal. The final responsibility
is mine, however. Economic support from the Norwegian Research Council (“SAKI”) is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
17.
Should government subsidize R&D and does it matter how these subsidies are allocated? We examine these questions in a dynamic
model where R&D is described as sequential sampling from a distribution of new ideas. Successful discoveries affect future
available resources and incentives for further R&D. Consequently, there may be under-investment in R&D. We study the effect
of government interventions aimed at fostering growth through R&D. Calibrating the model with aggregate data from the Israeli
business sector allows us to quantitatively compare two forms of support resembling those actually used to encourage R&D in
the Israeli business sector: (i) an unrestricted subsidy that may be used at the recipients' discretion to finance R&D or
other investments, (ii) a subsidy earmarked by the government for R&D activities only. While there is no theoretical way to
determine which of the two subsidies will have a greater impact on search for new ideas and growth, we find that in the calibrated
economy both subsidies have a significant but similar impact on the economy's output and TFP growth rates. Accordingly, in
the case of the Israeli business sector, the incentives to conduct R&D were sufficiently strong, and no R&D-specific encouragement
was needed. However, a sensitivity analysis reveals that for economies characterized by other parameter values this result
may not be true.
Correspondence to: B. Bental 相似文献
18.
Harry Bloch 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(3):343-353
This paper compares and contrasts the contributions of Joseph Alois Schumpeter and Josef Steindl to the competitive paradigm.
Both reject the static nature of traditional profit maximizing analysis and the analytical device of a representative firm.
Instead they both opt for a dynamic framework in which there is a key role for innovation. Differences emerge in terms of
the characteristics of individual firms that nurture the competitive struggle and are responsible for technical change.
The maturation process of a capitalist economy, whereby a natural progression will involve an increase in concentration, as
prescribed by Schumpeter and Steindl is also explored, as is criticism of their analyses. Finally the holistic approach to
competitive modelling, a legacy of these two economists, is expounded and challenges for the future identified. 相似文献
19.
Mark Tomlinson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》1999,9(4):431-451
This paper examines the `learning economy' from the perspective of occupational characteristics and changes in the British
labour market between 1980 and 1992. Following a discussion of the learning and knowledge economy, cross-sectional employment
data are analysed to ascertain which occupations can be classified as knowledge-based. Longitudinal career history data are
then used to trace the flows of these `knowledge workers' over time. Sectoral shifts are examined, with a particular focus
on the knowledge-intensive service sectors. The data come from the Employment in Britain survey: a large-scale employee survey from 1992. The approach used allows us to measure somewhat intangible aspects of economic
behaviour such as learning and tacit knowledge and attempt to trace their flows. Shifts in knowledge from the manufacturing
to the service sector are shown to be important and related to previous work which demonstrated the importance of knowledge
intensive business services for both output and productivity in manufacturing. 相似文献
20.
Sam Hickey 《New Political Economy》2013,18(5):683-690
The new political economy of development, characterised by the rising powers' new resource finds in many poor countries and the financial crisis, has driven development ideas and practices towards a paradigm shift, moving it beyond the post-Washington Consensus which marked the high point of development's ‘Poverty Reduction through Good Governance’ agenda. This has important implications for the extent to which developing countries remain governed by the institutional and ideological imperatives of development. Optimists suggest that this could herald a new era of sovereignty that enables African countries to take fuller control of their governance and development priorities, including a shift towards a ‘southern consensus’ around structural transformation, whilst pessimists argue that the hegemony of orthodox development ideas has only been partially reordered and that new problems of sovereignty are now emerging. Insights from Uganda suggest that both of these scenarios are currently unfolding, leaving the outcomes uncertain and much to play for. What remains of the ‘good governance’ agenda has yet to adapt itself to this new politics of development, which requires the emergence of new forms of developmental state in Africa. 相似文献