网络地址转换的研究和实现（待续）

一、引言 随着计算机网络的普及和主机数目爆炸性的增长，传统的基于 TCP/IP体系结构的网络地址结构和地址分配策略已越来越不适应当前计算机网络的发展状况。 TCP/IP中地址结构（ IPv4）由 32位字节组成，分成 A、 B、 C、 D、 E五类。由于主机数目的增长， 32位字节地址结构已经濒临耗尽的边缘，阻碍了网络的发展。另外传统的地址分配策略是对每一个入网的主机分配一个全球唯一的 IP地址，然而其中的某些主机很少甚至根本不与 Internet中的主机通信，同时某些企业或组织在申请 IP地址时考虑到将来的发展，往往注册大量多余的 IP…     

域名——无形资产的新领域

Internet上有千万台主机，为区分这些主机，人们给每个主机都分配了一个专门的地址，称为IP地址。通过IP地址可以访问到每一台主机。IP地址由几个分数字组成，对于一般用户来讲使用不便。因此，域名便产生了，它是用容易记忆的单词和习惯用语表示的因特网上的地址。人们习惯记忆与使用域名，但机器间互相只认识IP地址，域名与IP地址之间是一一对应的，它们之间的转换工作由专门的域名解析服务器来自动完成。通常用户只要知道某企业的域名，就可以顺利地访问到该企业的网站了。企业的域名是企业在因特网上的身份证，是企业的网上商标，客户将会记住这个名字，并用它找寻企业产品和服务信息。     

如何使用动态地址分配进行办公网络管理

动态主机配置协议（DHCP）是一种简化计算机IP配置管理的TCP/IP网络标准,DHCP服务分为服务器端和客户端两部分,服务器端协议负责处理客户端的DHCP请求,客户端协议则按照服务器端为它指定的参数来配置自身网络。TCP/IP网络上的每台计算机都需要唯一的IP地址,IP地址及相应的子网掩码唯一标识了该计算机和它所连接的子网,     

IPv4协议的不足及其向IPv6过渡的策略

随着Internet网络的飞速发展，目前的IP协议版本IPv4暴露了许多的不足。本文在讨论IPV4不足的基础上，介绍了最新的IP协议版本IPv6对这些不足的解决方法，进而探讨了从IPv4过渡到IPv6的几种策略。     

曹淑敏：IPV6走向标准化

8月20日消息，工信部电信研究院院长曹淑敏日前透露，在IPV6标准化方面，中国紧跟世界步伐，目前中国通信标准化协会（CCSA）已有超过70项IPV6标准的研究，其中49项已经发布。通过对IPV6标准的确立，我国将结束IP地址匮乏的现状，从IPV4时代向IPV6时代过渡。据了解，目前我国采用的是第二代互联网IPV4技术，地址总量在40亿左右。过去IPV4的地址量完全可以满足全球互联网用户及整个应用产业链的需求，但随着整个互联网的飞速发展，尤其是移动互联网的兴起，使IPV4地址资源呈现枯竭态势。     

IP地址安全使用全攻略

一、IP地址概述 IP地址是用来标识网络中的通信实体的,比如某一台主机或是路由器的某一个端口。在基于IP协议网络中传输的数据包,都必须使用IP地址来进行标识。一个IP地址主要由两部分组成:一是用于标识该地址所从属的网络号;二是用于指明该网络上某个特定主机的主机号。在计算机网络里,每个被传输的数据包要包括一个源IP地址和一个目的IP地址,当该数据包在网络中进行传输时,这两个地址要保持不变,以确保网络设备总是能根据确定的IP地址,将数据包从源通信实体送往指定的目的通信实体。     

IP地址和子网规划

1.IP地址简介 IP地址是用来标识网络中的一个通信实体,比如一台主机,或者是路由器的某一个端口。网络上的两台计算机之间相互通信时,在它们所传送的数据包里都会含有某些附加信息,这些附加信息就包含有发送数据计算机的IP地址和接收数据计算机的IP地址。现实生活中,如果你要写信给一个人,     

NAT与IPSec技术探讨

一、NAT与IPSec简介 网络地址转换（NAT）是将一个分组的IP地址更改为非原始IP地址的技术。使用NAT的初衷是为了使用RFC1918的地址编制方式来降低IP地址的消耗，因为NAT更改了网络的原始IP地址，使用NAT技术可以隐藏内部网络地址，从而起到一定的安全作用。一般企业会在内部网络的Internet入口路由器或防火墙上设置NAT来隐藏内部地址。     

有弹性就有灵活性 --略谈 VLSM在银行虚拟网中的应用

可变长的子网掩码(Variable-Length Subnet Mask简称VLSM)是在Internet快速发展时为解决IP地址不足而提出的方案之一，它克服了固定长度子网掩码浪费许多IP地址的缺点。主要采用子网寻址技术，其核心方案就是将主机标识部分划出一定的位数用作本网的各个子网，剩余的主机标识作为相应子网的主机标识部分，其子网的位数根据主机数量的不同而采取不同的位数，     

基于IPV6协议的网络安全机制探讨

随着全球IP网络规模的不断扩大和用户数的迅速增长，IPv4协议已经不能适应发展的需要。在IPv6还没有真正普及的今天，中国新一代自研网络技术IPv9（十进制网络）即将走出实验室。本文论述了新一代网络协议IPv6及中国自研网络技术IPv9协议的知识和网络安全常识，探讨了IPv6及IPv9在网络安全方面的独到之处及技术要点。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.     

浅议金融机构的举证责任

金融纠纷案件是当事人以存单或进账单、对账单、存款合同、保险单、票据、证券等凭证为主要证据向人民法院提出诉讼的案件,对于不同种类金融纠纷的当事人的举证责任,我国现行的金融法律、法规及司法解释有不同的规定。由于金融机构的特殊法律地位,发生金融纠纷时存在有关当事人将最后偿付风险转移给金融机构承担的主观故意,在客观上会使金融机构难以提供相应的证据来对抗不法债权人的诉讼请求,而导致金融机构败诉。为此,对金融诉讼案件中金融机构的举证责任加以研究具有重要的实践意义。     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…