浅析建立我国国库集中支付制度

当前我国财政改革的重点是支出管理改革，而国库集中支付制度是支出管理改革的重要内容之一。建立国库集中支付制度，有利于加强财政支出管理，关国债发行，优化预算编制，促进国有资产核算。建立国库集中支付制度的核心就是建立国库单一账户，通过单一账户加强财政部门对预算支出单位的监督。     

对完善国库集中支付制度的思考

国库集中收付制度是市场经济国家普遍实行的现代国库制度。这一制度在国外称之为国库单一账户制度，就是将所有的政府性财政资金全部集中到国库单一账户，并规定所有的财政支出由国库直接支付。     

浅议国库集中支付制度

长期以来，我国实行的是国库分散支付制度，即将预算分配给各部门和单位的年度支出总额，按期（中央部门按季，地方部门按月）拨付到各部门或单位在银行开立的账户，由自主使用。从实际看，这种支付制度存在较多弊端，其主要问题：一是支出过程脱离财政监督，财政部门只能依赖各支出部门的财务报告进行事后审查监督，不能及时发现和制止支出过程中的违法违纪行为。二是资金分散支付和储存，使用效率不高。由于单位资金都有个逐渐支用的过程，在预算资金按期拨付、由各单位分散保存的情况下，必然会使大量财政资金分散在各单位形成沉淀，而财政部门为应付短期资金需求，有时不得不向银行借贷或发行短期公债，从而大大增加财政利息负担。三是财政资金运行的信息反映滞后。因为财政资金大量分散于各部门、各单位在商业银行开设的账户，财政部门和中央银行无法全面了解整个财政资金的运转状况，难以对财经形势作出及时、准确的判断。因此，国库制度改革势在必行。     

浅谈中国国库集中支付制度改革

改革开放以来,中国财政管理体制进行了一系列的重大改革,随着社会主义市场经济体制下公共财政的建立和发展,这种在传统体制下形成的国库支付制度的弊端越来越突出,已经愈发不适应公共财政的新形势,亟需进行根本性改革,建立与市场经济体制接轨的国库集中支付制度。     

浅谈国库集中支付制度改革

本世纪初启动实施的国库集中支付制度改革,是我国改革开放以来,对预算管理制度进行的一次根本性重大变革,被称为一场"财政革命"。全面推进国库集中支付制度改革,是市场经济条件下实行公共财政的必然选择。经过各方面十余年的努力,这项改革已经取得决定性进展和重大历史性成就,具有重要的政治和经济意义。对此,本文拟从对国库集中支付制度改革的认识以及深化改革的措施来探讨进一步推进国库集中支付制度改革。     

浅析国库集中支付制度的利与弊

最近几年,各单位为配合财政工作,以适应市场经济,实现财政宏观调控,加大财政监督力度,实现资金优化配置,稳定经济发展,逐上建立起国库集中收付制度,推行政府采购。它对我国财政体制改革具有深远的意义。     

深化财政支出管理改革探索国库集中支付制度

国库集中支付制度是我国借鉴国际通行做法，为解决当前财政支出管理中日益突出的一系列问题而进行的一项重大改革。近年来太原市财政部门从实际出发，适应市场经济发展、构建公共财政支出框架的需要，对财政资金拨付方式进行了一系列的改革并取得了一定成效，但仍存在许多问题，需要进一步采取措施，使之逐步完善。     

浅析国库集中支付制度

国库集中支付制度是中国建立现代财政国库制度,实施公共财政体系改革的重要环节。自2001年开始试点以来,在提高国库资金使用效率,强化部门预算管理等方面都发挥了积极的作用,但同时也暴露出一些需要进一步完善的问题。首先分析实行国库集中支付制度的必要性和所取得的成效,然后在此基础上指出国库集中支付制度目前存在的一些主要问题,并针对这些问题提出进一步深化改革的建议。     

会计集中核算制度融入国库集中支付制度探析

国库集中支付制度是我国财政国库改革的目标,在改革过程中如何处理会计集中核算制度和国库集中支付制度的关系,文章在分析了两种制度利弊的基础上,提出了将会计集中核算制度融入国库集中支付制度的财政国库改革模式,并阐述了两者融合的途径。     

推行国库集中支付制的四条过渡路径

目前的财政体制改革已进入预算管理制度改革这一核心领域，并将工作重点转向如何提高财政支出管理效率方面，国库集中支付制度改革因此被确定为“十五”期间公共财政收支管理制度改革的重点。由于适应这一现代国库管理制度的内外部环境和主客观条件仍不成熟，我国的国库集中支付制度改革像其他多数领域的改革一样，只能选择渐进式改革模式。在过渡内容与形式上须重点做好账户过渡、财权过渡、技术过渡及机构过渡等四条路径的设计与运作。     

试论环境影响评价制度

我国目前的环境影响评价制度仅局限于建设项目的决策阶段。由于其适用范围和适用空间小，适用时间短，以及预测功能体现不强，监督机制不完善等，使其不利于调整好整体环境保护与单项环境保护之间的关系，也不能满足环境保护与经济、社会协调发展的要求。所以，如何来完善这一制度，不仅关系到增强环境影响评价工作的实效性，而且关乎人类社会可持续发展目标的实现。     

中国国有企业立法体系变革的经济分析

时至今日,改革开放已历30余年.回首中国走过的30个风雨春秋,面对着逐渐完善的市场经济体制,我们深切感受到了社会的进步、经济的发展、文化的丰富和法制的逐步健全.随着计划经济向市场经济的转轨,我国的企业体系也由原有的"一大二公"向着更符合市场变化要求的现代企业体系转变.在市场经济主体转变体制的过程中,伴随着立法的沿革、政策的调整和社会观念的变化.而在这场大变革中,究竟是什么从根本上确保了市场主体的变革呢?又是什么因素在背后推动着国家的立法政策呢?我们在文章当中将会探讨一二.本文通过对改革开放以来我国国有企业成长历程的分析,揭示了经济因素对国家宏观政策和立法体系的影响,对其中几个问题进行了剖析:     

The limits of the welfare state

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the links between the welfare state and economic development using Swedish data between 1970 and 1995. Our main arguments are that political decisions give rise to long-term structural changes in welfare that do not follow structural changes in the economy. Changes in the business cycle may strengthen or weaken these long-term effects. The main results point to the rising problem that face a society with a high degree of labor participation, universal coverage in social insurance, and a relatively low growth rate. There is a hidden labor market problem in social insurance. The redistribution policy is based on a short-run perspective affecting long-run effects negatively. The process in political decision may be considered as a source of government failure.     

A preliminary theoretical examination of the targeted public distribution system in India

A theoretical model of targeting in the public distribution system is set out. In any system of targeting there could be inclusion and exclusion errors. These errors could be reduced by search by the state. The state aims to minimise the costs of food administration subject to keeping the magnitude of the exclusion error bounded. Targeting involves a consideration of the objective poverty level, the official poverty level and the targeted poverty level by the state. The targeted poverty level could be less than the official poverty level if the extent of search is not adequate. The objective poverty level is an increasing function of the above poverty line issue price of food due to exclusion errors, a decreasing function of the procurement price of food and by definition the below poverty line issue price of food. The instruments in the hands of the state are the official poverty level, the above poverty line issue price for food, the procurement price of food and the extent of search. The comparative static implications of the model are set out.     

Incentive generating state dependent penalty system: The case of income tax evasion

Penalty systems can very often be looked upon as corrective measures established in order to eliminate or reduce costly externalities generated by optimizing economic agents. Hence, penalties can be viewed as regulatory measures and their efficient structure should be of interest to economists. We propose a dynamic incentive generating penalty system which, if instituted, may reduce, at a given cost, the generation of undesirable externalities. The special case to which we refer is income tax evasion, although our scheme should be applicable to any kind of externalities, such as pollution of the environment, violation of antirust laws and others which are created by repititive actions of economic agents.     

Present bias and the inefficiency of the centralized economy: The role of the elasticity of intertemporal substitution

We analyze an endogenous growth model considering agents with an isoelastic utility. Preferences are characterized by a utility affected by a negative externality, and a level of impatience which decays with the time distance from the present. Agents who cannot commit the actions of their future selves, play a game against them. The stationary equilibrium of this game defines a balanced growth path with a slower growth when played by subsequent central planners than when played by decision makers in the market economy. First, we prove that the fast growing market economy implies higher welfare if the negative externality is small, while the centralized economy is welfare improving above a given threshold for the externality (obtained for a specific family of non-constant discount functions). Secondly, we observe that this threshold increases with the elasticity of intertemporal substitution in consumption. Therefore, the greater this elasticity the more likely it is that the externality lies below this threshold, where policy interventions would not be adequate. Finally, as one would expect, the range of values of the externality for which the market equilibrium provides higher welfare widens the more different from constant discounting time preferences are, due either to a wider range of variation for the instantaneous discount rates or because these decay more slowly.     

From endogenous growth to stationary state: The world economy in the mathematical formulation of the Ricardian system

We analyse international trade in a Pasinetti–Ricardo growth model in the world economy scenario in which several small trading countries coexist and international commodity prices are determined by the interplay of supply and demand amongst them. We demonstrate that all the trading countries eventually reach the stationary state, though this process is not monotonic and the dynamics of capital and population may actually push some countries towards the stationary state and others away from it. We also use our model to assess an argument which Malthus employed in the second edition of An Essay on the Principle of Population (1803) to support a policy of agricultural protectionism.     

The uncertain foundations of the welfare state

The welfare state is often portrayed as provider of insurance against ‘uncertainties’, in Knight's (1921) sense of the term, which would be refused or underinsured on private markets. This image conflicts with the standard economic model of risk exchange founded on the subjective interpretation of probability, which predicts that all individual uncertainties will be insured by private markets. Our aim in this paper is to explain why this prediction fails and, building on contributions to decision theory that take seriously the idea of Knightian uncertainty, to show why social insurance may be justified.