Trade credit and financial crises in Kazakhstan

This paper studies the trade credit and delinquency behavior in Kazakhstan paying attention to the effects of two recent crises using a unique dataset of large firms and SMEs from the year 2009 to 2016. Our estimates suggest that the relationship between trade and bank credit is mainly substitutional except that it was complementary for large firms following the year 2014–5 crisis. This new piece of evidence on the non-uniform relationship between trade and bank credit during crisis might provide more insight into the mixed findings in the literature. We also discern that trade credit demand is more prevalent among capital-intensive firms. Kazakhstani firms pass along a sizeable portion of their delinquent receivable to their trade credit suppliers. The transmission of trade credit delinquency, additionally, is amplified during the year 2014–5 economic crisis but the year 2009 global financial crisis.     

Depressed access to formal finance and the use of credit card debt in Chinese SMEs

SMEs (small and micro enterprises) in developing countries are in general financially depressed; business owners thus resort to other financial instruments (here, personal credit cards) when access to bank loans is prohibited. By investigating two different types of SMEs (namely, informal businesses and formal SMEs) in China, we find that SMEs turn to credit card debt as a substitute when they fail to obtain bank loans. Specifically, we find that households with informal businesses are more likely to use credit cards when their businesses are financially constrained. We also find that when financially constrained, formal SMEs are more likely to carry credit card debt and are also carrying more. This relationship persists after selection issues are addressed. However, credit card debt and bank loans are hardly perfect substitutes as these two instruments may function differently. Consistently, we find that even with bank loans, formal SMEs still carry substantial credit card debt. Additionally, compared to those with no fund need and thus no bank loan, formal SMEs with bank loans are carrying more credit card debt.     

后危机时代安徽省中小企业贷款情况的调查分析

文章系统分析了后危机时代安徽省中小企业的贷款状况,进而得出企业自身、银行信贷管理、银企信息不对称、外部环境四个方面存在问题是造成安徽省中小企业贷款难的主要原因。并从引导中小企业提升自身素质和信用等级,加强银行信贷管理工作,解决银企信息不对称,改善中小企业融资外部环境四个方面,探讨央行加强安徽省中小企业贷款的相关金融支持政策,以缓解中小企业贷款难问题。     

Financial constraints on investments and credit policy in Korea

The Korean financial system has been characterised by government interference and a chronic shortage of funds. Since the 1960s the government has promoted the financing of large, chaebol-affiliated firms. Towards the end of the 1980s, the government changed its focus from large firms to small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This study assesses the impact of this change in government policy on the financing constraints of different types of Korean firms. Using data on 198 Korean firms for the period 1991–1997, we estimate several specifications of a dynamic investment model to assess the financing constraints of Korean firms. We find that Korean firms suffered from informational asymmetries and severe financing constraints during this period, and that these imperfections differ across firms. Our findings suggest that the government’s change in focus towards SMEs has been successful in the sense that it has reduced financing constraints for these type of firms. We also find some evidence that firms with concentrated ownership are more financially constrained than firms with dispersed ownership.     

论中小企业信用担保业的现状及其发展策略

信用担保是市场经济发展的产物。当前，我国中小企业信用担保业存在着规模较小、抗风险能力弱等问题。因此，通过积极创新信用担保机构的设立形式，扩大担保机构的资金来源；建立健全中小企业信用担保机构外部监管体系；健全再担保制度，完善风险分散机制等措施，来解决中小企业信用担保所面临的一系列问题，更好地发挥信用担保促进中小企业发展的作用。     

内部控制、信任与商业信用融资

基于信任视角探析内部控制对商业信用融资的作用,以及该作用效果受信誉型信任、个性特征型信任以及制度型信任三种类型信任机制的影响,研究表明：在影响商业信用融资因素中, 内部控制质量的作用显著;三种信任维度与内部控制在商业信用融资中起到互补作用。补充检验发现：较之地方国企,中央国企在获取商业信用融资时处于有利地位,且其内部控制质量能起到更为显著的作用。本文丰富了中国情景下内部控制经济后果方面的文献,也为政策制定者进一步完善商业信用环境提供一定参考依据。     

信贷配给、出口信用保险与中小企业出口融资

中小企业融资难的关键性问题在于信贷市场上的信息不对称造成的信贷配给,而出口贸易融资中的信贷配给既具有对中小企业惜贷的共性,又具有较多使用信用证项下融资产品的特性。出口信用保险融资由于消除了借贷双方对进口商及进口国信息占有上的不对称,从而能够在一定程度上缓解商业银行对中小出口企业的信贷配给,有助于继续发挥贸易金融对稳定外需的积极作用。     

江苏区域农村中小企业借贷特征比较——基于江苏省的调查

本文在对江苏农村中小企业融资现状调查基础上,分析了苏南、苏中、苏北地区农村中小企业金融需求特征,并运用多无回归分析探讨了影响农村中小企业金融需求的主要因素。本文研究认为,农村中小企业金融需求意愿受到抑制,但各区域经济发展程度不同,农村中小企业需求的影响因素存在差异。经济发达地区农村中小企业借贷主要与企业资产规模、企业年龄相关,而在经济较为落后的地区,企业资产规模、企业年龄与企业盈利能力等因素都会影响到农村中小企业的借贷。     

What Factors Determine Whether Small and Medium Enterprises Obtain Credit from the Formal Credit Market? The Case of Vietnam

Using a survey of Vietnamese small and medium enterprises (SMEs) conducted during 2005–2013, this paper examines the process of applying for a formal loan and the level of satisfaction (credit needs) obtained by SMEs. The empirical results show that banking relationships and the business environment are important factors when applying for and obtaining formal credit. However, positive measures of firms' financial performance, such as a high return on assets score and sales growth, did not have a significant influence on whether firms obtained credit. Formal financial institutions in Vietnam were found to depend too much on collateral assets in assessing whether to supply credit to an SME.     

我国中小企业信用担保的法律属性研究

银行与中小企业间信息不对称导致的市场失灵需要政府干预经济,建立中小企业信用担保体系是市场化的政府经济行为,中小企业信用担保机构是弥补市场缺陷和政府缺陷的社会中间层主体。文章认为,中小企业信用担保活动具有经济法属性,中小企业信用担保制度经济法属性的确定对于进一步研究该制度的宗旨、基本原则和发展模式等问题具有重要意义。     

Firm size-specific trade effects of regional trade agreements: Estimating extensive and intensive margins of trade

We estimate the impacts of Korean firms’ participation in regional trade agreements (RTAs) on the extensive and intensive export margins by identifying exporting firms based on their firm size—small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and large enterprises (LEs) at the 5 399 HS six-digit commodity level—and specifying characteristics of RTAs from 2004 to 2015. We apply the EK Tobit estimation technique to control zero trade and the OLS estimation with importer-product and time fixed effects to alleviate the endogeneity problem. We find that firm size, product type, and depth of RTA significantly matter. Specifically, we find that deeper RTAs with larger, developing, and closer members significantly enhance the export creation effects of SMEs and LEs. Regarding the firm size-specific effects, we find that SMEs are less sensitive to exploiting RTA participation but more sensitive to the import market size, bilateral and relative trade costs, and the RTA characteristics. LEs’ export creation is mainly driven by the intensive margin, while SMEs’ export creation is driven by extensive and intensive margins (slightly more by the extensive margin). For the product-specific effects, we find that Korea's major exportable products such as chemicals, basic metals, motor vehicles, and transport equipment generate significantly strong export creation effects for both LEs and SMEs through their participation in RTAs.     

The role of information sharing in trade credit distribution: evidence from Thailand

Prior research has shown that information sharing among lenders facilitates bank credit allocation and reduces default rates. We examine the role of information sharing in trade credit allocation using a sample of publicly traded firms in Thailand over the 1994–2005 period. Taking the establishment of a private credit bureau in 1999 as signalling improvement in information sharing among lenders, we obtain three main results in the improved information sharing period: (1) Thai firms have become less dependent on supplier credit; (2) financially constrained firms redistribute more funds via trade credit; and (3) the relationships between the use of trade credit and firm‐specific factors such as liquidity, free cash flow, tangible assets, interest cost ratio, and firm size weaken as information sharing improves. Our results are consistent with the view that better information sharing facilitates credit allocation. Hence, policies aiming at facilitating information exchange among financial intermediaries should be supported. We also find support for the view that bank credit substitutes for trade credit. This substitution lowers firms' cost of capital, given that trade credit is assumed to be more costly than bank loans.     

中小企业信用担保的经济实质与商业化运营条件

中小企业信用担保是一种逆市场选择的制度安排,将政府信用运作于商业领域,通过市场化手段来实现政策性意图,担保机构作为政府信用转移的桥梁,同时也是政府信用风险的防火墙,逆市场选择所产生的成本和风险自然也就需要政府来最终承担。中小企业信用担保作为一个风险与收益不对称的政策性行业,商业化运营不是没有可能,但需要满足一系列较为苛刻的前提条件。     

科技型中小企业金融支持的策略分析

科技型中小企业自身特殊性、商业银行信贷风险防范、企业经营缺陷、资本市场不完善、信用担保体系不健全以及风险投资机制不规范等,是造成当前科技型中小企业融资困境的主要因素.本文提出从设立科技银行、知识产权质押贷款、集合保理融资、产业集群内担保贷款等方面创新间接融资渠道,同时扩大资本市场融资、鼓励风险投资和加大政府扶持来应对科技型中小企业融资困境.     

信用证软条款诈骗及其风险防范浅析

在国际贸易结算方式中,信用证欺诈问题越来越受到关注。信用证软条款就是一种常见的欺诈方式,本文在分析几种典型的软条款的基础上,提出了防范对策,以期对我国外贸企业识别某些外国不法商人设置的陷阱有指导意义。     

Trade credit and productivity: evidence from China’s ethnic areas

Using 2004–2009 firm-level microdata for enterprises in China’s ethnic areas, we investigate whether trade credit really works as an alternative external financing source. We find statistical evidence that trade credit is positively correlated with enterprise productivity; the result continues to hold when taking into account the intermediate role of the working capital turnover ratio. Moreover, our results confirm the positive impact of bank financing on enterprise productivity. All these findings are particularly tenable for Han enterprises.     

用系统性思维解决我国中小企业融资难问题

由于信息不对称、高风险、缺少抵押品及管理体制落后等原因,中小企业融资难成为一个全球性的问题。我国中小企业融资难问题可以归结到企业自身缺陷和金融机构过高的运营成本上。本文分析了中小企业融资难问题的成因,为中国中小企业摆脱融资困境提供了政策建议。     

数字普惠金融与小微企业出口:雪中送炭还是锦上添花

本文将数字普惠金融与小微企业出口相结合,为深入探讨数字金融的普惠意义提供了新视角。我们基于数字普惠金融指数和中国小微企业调查数据,构建一个广义双重差分回归模型进行经验分析,经过一系列内生性处理后,回归结果稳健地显示数字普惠金融发展可显著促进小微企业出口。机制分析结果表明,数字普惠金融会促进生产率更低的企业出口,并改善小微企业的营运资本使用效率。此外,数字普惠金融覆盖广度比使用深度和数字化程度对小微企业出口的影响更大。高资金负担、弱政企关系以及西部地区的小微企业受益更大,这是雪中送炭的表现;而在金融软环境更好的地区小微企业受益更多,则是锦上添花的表现。     

浅析外贸企业的客户信用风险管理

随着我国市场经济和国际贸易的快速发展,信用交易方式已成为外贸企业的主要结算方式之一,随之而来的是企业的信用风险日益加剧。因此如何加强外贸企业的信用风险管理,建立一套适合自身情况的信用风险管理模式,成为外贸企业必须解决的问题。本文介绍了信用风险的相关理论,提出了适合外贸企业的信用额度确定方法,并阐述了外贸企业在信用销售后应该采用的技术控制方法及应该配套制定的信用管理制度。     

日美中小企业信用担保体系比较分析

为解决抵押资产不足的中小企业间接融资困难,建立中小企业信用体系是世界各国的普遍做法。日本与美国是世界上建立中小企业信用担保比较早的两个国家,两国的中小企业信用担保体系完备、经验成熟。尽管两国中小企业信用担保体系的框架结构和运作模式差异很大,但是它们共性的成功经验是信用担保体系建设离不开政府的大力支持,并且需要具有良好的风险控制机制。