博弈论分析宽松货币政策的退出机制——中央银行和商业银行信贷量之间的博弈

2008年金融危机爆发以来,各国央行相继降低利率,希望以宽松的货币政策使经济尽快走出低谷。到2009年三季度,随着各主要经济体出现复苏迹象,出于对通胀的担忧,各国央行都在研究宽松货币政策的退出问题。本文从博弈论的角度,分析在宽松货币政策退出过程中,中央银行和商业银行之间的博弈。分析表明央行在货币政策退出时是动态非一致的,应对央行采取其他约束,使其的承诺是可置信的。     

2009—2010年展望

次贷危机使美国采取了危机处理式货币政策,表现为注入巨额流动性、大幅度降息和美元明显贬值。超宽松货币政策造成大宗商品价格迅速走高。这在宏观层面和微观层面有两个直接效果。一是在宏观层面上产生通胀压力,各国的政策反应就是紧缩货币政策。现在来看,2008年世界上很多央行货币政策都错了,只有美联储方向没错,一直在减息。二是在微观层面上大宗商品价格迅速走高会造成存货增加,这在中国尤其明显。     

发达国家货币政策的分化调整对中国经济的影响与风险防范

当前,发达国家的货币政策出现了分化调整的新动态,处于政策夹缝中的中国需要评估发达国家货币政策的分化调整可能带来的风险并制定应对措施。文章建立了开放经济条件下的DSGE三国模型,研究发达国家货币政策的分化调整对中国经济的影响,并基于此提出风险对冲的一系列对策建议。研究认为:美国紧缩货币政策可能导致中国产出下降,消费萎缩,资本投入下降,短期通胀有可能上升,并降低就业率水平;欧洲宽松货币政策可能导致中国产出上升,消费下降,资本投入上升,通胀和就业率水平可能下滑;中国本国的技术冲击可以适当缓解发达国家货币政策分化调整带来的不利影响。文章提出相应的政策建议是:大力推进供给侧结构性改革,加强技术创新,实施定向调控类的货币政策,通过差异化的策略组合来对冲发达国家货币政策分化调整带来的不确定性。     

通胀尚不是复苏的主要威胁

现在越来越多的人在谈论通胀，并对各国正在实行的宽松货币政策提出质疑。这些声音将是避免货币政策出现重大失误的重要牵制力量，但这并不意味着，央行现在就应该行动起来与暂时还看不见的通胀作斗争。保持当前的宽松政策同时作出微调或许是合理选择。     

政策方向不变

积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策，从方向上看，不会发生大的变化。就通胀和促进经济增长而言，促进经济增长对当前中国宏观经济来说更重要。但同时，在方向和基调不变的前提下，不排除货币政策某种微调的可能性。微调的顺序可能是：首先通过发行央行票据收缩流动性；     

货币政策意外、利率期限结构与通货膨胀预期管理

本文基于利率期限结构分析了通货膨胀预期对中央银行货币政策意外和中央银行沟通行为的反应,并对通货膨胀预期管理的效果进行了评价。结果显示:货币政策意外在一定程度上增加了市场的中短期通胀预期,对长期通胀预期的影响不大;公开市场操作、存贷款利率调整和存款准备金率调整三种货币政策操作对通胀预期的影响存在明显差异;央行惯例沟通对通胀预期没有影响,央行行长讲话会加大通胀预期波动;货币政策操作和央行沟通行为对通胀预期的冲击在2008～2009年出现了结构性变化;通胀预期管理效果一直不佳,需要进一步完善通胀预期形成及其传导机制并改善央行的政策操作与沟通行为。     

非常规货币政策的效果、风险及未来前景

该文对金融危机以来发达国家实施的非常规货币政策进行研究发现,非常规货币政策在引导利率政策预期,降低长期债券收益率,刺激经济增长和通胀,恢复金融市场和金融机构功能等方面取得明显成效,但也产生了一些信贷和市场风险。随着市场环境恢复,政策效果下降,部分风险却开始上升,央行的政策挑战变成如何从宽松货币环境的预期中退出非常规货币。     

语录经典

"一切皆有可能。"——面对中国经济出现的下滑风险以及境外热钱的不断流入,市场曾预期货币政策出现松动。不过,周小川近日表示,为遏制通胀,央行不排除任何(货币政策)可能性,包括公开市场操作、存款准备金率、央行票据、利率及其他手段。     

央行货币政策执行报告：通胀潜在风险须关注

【新加坡《联合早报》6月3日】中国央行日前发布了一季度货币政策执行报告，报告强调，由于服务价格、房地产等资产价格膨胀压力加大，整体通胀的潜在风险须要关注，这一判断是对争论数月的“防紧缩还是防通胀”问题给予明确答复。     

不确定因素下世界经济形势及特点

2010年,世界经济在经济刺激计划和宽松货币政策的支撑下,复苏势头较为强劲。2011年,尽管国际经济环境短期向好,但是各国经济刺激计划基本结束,世界经济、贸易和工业生产难以保持2010年的反弹性增长,增速可能明显放缓;就业、赤字、债务、产能过剩、通胀、资本流动等引发的不确定性风险可能继续释放,主要经济体宏观经济政策可能进一步分化。     

How will China shape the world economy?

We will provide an outlook for China's role in the world economy over the coming decades, an exercise which would not be possible without an analysis of the prospects for China's continued economic growth. Based on international and historical comparisons, we argue that today's China meets all three key conditions for continued economic growth, including a stable government that is supportive of a market economy; high and increasing quality of human capital, and openness to developed economies. Dependent on China's continued growth, we explore how China will impact many other economies through trade and investment, creating winners and losers in the world economy. Moreover, we argue that China will become a more active player in changing global economic governance not only through participating in reforms of existing institutions but also by leading efforts to establish new ones.     

China–Japan–United States integration amid global rebalancing: A computable general equilibrium analysis

Using a global general equilibrium trade model, this paper assesses the long-term implications of global rebalancing for Asian economies and explores the benefits of China–Japan–United States (US) integration. The analysis suggests that consumption evaporation, a growth slowdown in the US, and the consequent current account correction would force China, Japan, and other East Asian economies to undergo substantial structural adjustments. A combination of domestic reform aimed at boosting service sector productivity and external liberalization aimed at fostering broader economic integration will be critical for East Asian economies to facilitate their economic rebalancing and sustained growth. Our global computable general equilibrium (CGE) analysis suggests that China and Japan need to strengthen their economic ties with the US while at the same time bringing other East Asian economies into this integration process.     

中日韩自由贸易区的经济效应及推进路径——基于SMART的模拟分析

本文在SMART模型框架下建立了一个局部均衡模型,基于HS6分位数据模拟中日韩三国间不同的阶段性双边关税减让方案和长期内关税的全部减让对三国经济的影响。结果表明,中日韩自由贸易协定启动后,三国的农业部门、日本和韩国的纺织品部门以及中国的汽车部门将受到来自其他两国较为明显的冲击。机电产品及其零部件的区域内贸易增长潜力有限,但三国在该领域的垂直专业化分工尚具备进一步拓展的潜力。中日韩自由贸易区谈判首先要克服来自当前高度保护部门的阻力,而在机电产品领域应重点促进区域内投资和技术贸易的便利化,运用发达的地区分工网络提升各国在后危机时代的全球竞争力。     

“中等收入陷阱”的国际背景、成因举证与中国对策

中国已步入上中等收入国家行列,但困扰众多发展中国家的中等收入陷阱问题也逐渐凸显。通过深入分析世界各国发展进程中形成中等收入陷阱的普遍现象与中国当前出现的一些特殊表象,探究各国不同的发展类型与体制特征,借鉴各国应对中等收入陷阱的经验教训,可以得出明确的结论:唯有深化体制改革和制度创新,改善制度供求关系和供给质量,加快推进经济发展方式的转变,才能顺利跨越中等收入陷阱,成功地跨入高收入国家的行列。     

What＇s So Special about China＇s Producer Services？ An Input-output Analysis

In the present study, five stylized facts about China ＂s producer services are established through international, intersectoral and intertemporal comparisons based on input --output tables. First, the overall service input ratio is the lowest in all the sample economies. Second, most producer services are supplied by the traditional labor-intensive sectors. Third, manufacturing is the biggest user of producer services, and service industry is the second, while the opposite is true for most of the other sample economies. Fourth, unlike other economies, China ＂s ＂R＆D＂ is characterized more by consumer services than producer services. Fifth, China has fairly lower service input ratios in almost all the industries. The backward and forward linkages coefficients are both smaller for ＂real estate activities＂ and ＂finance and insurance. ＂＂ Policy reform should focus not only on specific producer services but also on reducing obstacles that are inhibiting the balanced development of diverse producer services that will help China to optimize its economic structure.     

China's Trade Liberalization and Structural Adjustments for the World Economy

While China's open-door policy has benefited the world economy, there are anxieties, both in China and abroad, about increased competition and the cost of dramatic adjustments. This paper attempts to analyse the implications of China's trade reform for structural change and welfare in China and the rest of the world. Three sets of experiments are implemented with the GATP model. The study finds that China is the biggest gainer from its own liberalization, its labour-intensive sector will expand but other sectors, including agriculture will contract. The structural adjustment for other countries is likely to be concentrated on the clothing sector. But the economies which experience the biggest adjustments are also the biggest gainers. Multilateral trade liberalization, such as the APEC free trade process, increases the gain both for the rest of the world and for China.     

中国引资是否影响了其他地区——对东亚主要经济体的考察

本文借助动态面板数据方法,分析了中国引资规模的扩大对东亚主要经济体外资流入规模的影响。对全体样本的考察显示,中国确实对东亚主要经济体的外资流入总量产生了转移效应,但若是剔除香港地区,中国因素则转变为积极影响。我们认为,出现这一结果的原因与香港地区流入外资的"过境投资"的特殊性质有关。深入的分析表明,由于地区异质性的存在,中国因素对于各经济体的具体影响存在较大差异。     

How growth deceleration in the PRC affects other Asian economies

Developing Asia has benefited greatly from the rise of the People's Republic of China (PRC), primarily through the trade channel. The PRC and its neighbours have collectively formed a regional production network, and the PRC is becoming an increasingly important source of final demand. Two empirical techniques are used to examine the likely economic impact of growth deceleration in the PRC on other Asian economies: (1) a single‐equation approach that captures the trade channel; and (2) a global vector autoregressive model that captures the effects beyond the trade channel. The results of both analyses confirm that deceleration in the PRC will have a non‐negligible negative effect on other economies, especially on East and Southeast Asian economies. An out‐of‐sample analysis to tease out the effects of slower growth in the PRC from the recent growth performance of selected Southeast Asian economies suggests that the PRC effect is contributing to the growth dynamics of this region but is not always dominant.     

刍议扩大国内消费需求的理论和对策

一个国家的消费率如果偏低,就会造成国内的有效消费需求不足,从而影响到国家经济的健康、协调以及可持续发展,更会阻碍人们的生活水平得到提高,如果跟其他的国家相比较就会发现,我国的投资率非常的高,但消费率却明显不足。本文简单地探讨扩大国内消费需求的理论和对策。     

Asia's contribution to global rebalancing

Developing Asia remains at the core of global payment imbalances. While the geographical concentration of current account imbalances is significant—with the People's Republic of China accounting for the lion's share of the region's current account surplus—how Asia contributes to global rebalancing also depends critically on the newly industrialising economies and larger Association of Southeast Asian Nations economies. Given the region's huge diversity, the necessary national macroeconomic and structural policies will vary significantly across Asia's emerging economies. Whereas near‐term rebalancing efforts will be driven primarily by macroeconomic and exchange rate policies, structural reforms are essential for boosting domestic and regional demand as sources of economic growth over medium to long‐term. We argue that regional rebalancing will depend critically on the adoption of deeper and more comprehensive structural reforms and further trade liberalisation to unlock the potential of strong domestic and regional spending—thus reducing Asia's high dependence on extra‐regional demand. Priority policies should include infrastructure spending, competition, trade, financial development, investment, immigration, and other social policies to reduce national savings.