企业债券市场业务的信用评级业务发展构想

从信用评级机构服务于我国企业债券市场的角度出发,分析了信用评级机构在发展中存在的主要问题及其影响因素,并对促进信用评级业发展提出了几点新的构想以及从新的角度分析旧对策的具体实施,以促进我国企业债券市场的发展.     

用显著性检验方法判断信用评级对 企业债券市场定价的影响力

采用显著性检验方法,选取2008年、2009年和2010年发行的企业债券为研究样本,实证分析信用评级信息对我国企业债券市场定价的影响力,结果表明:信用评级信息已经成为我国企业债券市场投资者制定投资决策的主要依据,市场投资者对信用评级信息有很强的依赖性；信用评级信息在资本市场上对我国企业债券的市场定价具有显著的影响力；我...     

我国公司债券信用评级现状分析及建议——兼论企业债券和公司债券的分立

信用评级是公司债券的定价基础.目前,我国公司债券发行数量少,信用评级发展较晚,在实践操作运行中往往流于形式,信用风险无法评估.为促进我国公司债券信用评级的发展,应分立企业债券和公司债券,并建立符合我国特点的信用评级标准和信用评级机构.     

中国企业债券信用评级指标体系研究与创新

信用风险是企业债券的主要风险之一,降低信用风险的根本途径是建立信用评级制度来揭示每一只债券发行时及发行后的风险程度.因此建立健全的信用评级指标体系有利于充分揭示企业债券信用风险,提高债券市场流动性,积极促进企业债券市场的健康发展.本文在分析现有企业债券信用评级指标体系的基础上,对信用评级指标体系进行创新性改进.     

发展我国债券信用评级市场的思考

我国债券信用评级是伴随着企业债券的发行而产生的。1987年，国务院颁布了《企业债券管理暂行条例》，开始对企业债券及评级进行统一管理。近年来，特别是2005年以来，债券市场的快速发展极大推动了债券信用评级业的发展。今后，随着经济的快速增长，整个债券市场将有更大的发展空间，对债券信用评级提出了巨大的需求。     

企业债券市场与信用评级业的发展

该文从服务于企业债券市场出发，分析了我国信用评级机构发展中存在的主要问题及产生这些问题的原因，并对促进信用评级业发展提出了几点构想，以促进我国企业债券市场的发展。     

发展我国企业债券市场的路径选择

我国企业债券市场的发展主要受到政府干预过多、发债主体单一、市场流动性不足、企业积极性不高、信用评级体系不完善等方面的制约。我们应从正确评估我国的企业债券市场、大力发展信用评级机构、提高债券流动性、实现企业债券利率的市场化、改进和完善企业债券监管制度、积极引导国有企业利用债券融资、不断改善我国企业债券市场的发展环境等方面促进我国企业债券市场的发展。     

企业债券的发展及江西对策

企业债券市场是资本市场的重要组成部分,在发达国家起着举足轻重的作用,但我国的企业债券市场与发达国家相比严重落后,需要加速发展。文章分析了当前我国企业债券市场的发展历史和主要现实问题:信用评级、发行管制、利率管制、流通,在此基础上提出了加速我国企业债券市场发展的三个建议:加速信用评级业进化、逐步放松管制、扩大流通范围。同时,也提出了在企业债券市场加速发展的情况下江西的对策。     

关于我国企业债券市场发展的思考

企业债券市场是资本市场的重要组成部分,合理的市场结构要求包括企业债在内的资本市场共同协调发展,这既有利于资源的优化配置,又是企业多渠道、低成本筹集资金的市场基础.我国企业债市场发展滞后,一定程度上制约了资本市场的健康发展及其结构的完善,进而影响了资本市场功能的发挥.当前我国企业债券市场发展主要受到政府干预过多、信用评级体系不完善、发债主体单一、流动性不足等方面的制约;现阶段应该从正确评估我国的企业债券市场,大力发展信用评级机构、提高债券流动性、实现企业债券利率的市场化、不断改善发展环境等方面促进我国企业债券市场的发展.     

对我国企业债券市场发展有关问题的思考

在分析我国企业债券市场发展中存在的问题后,提出了加强企业债券法律法规建设、改进企业债券管理方式、推进企业债券市场化、规范信用评级行为、丰富债券品种、发展企业债券交易市场等有关建议。     

债券评级机构变更——基于评级选购与评级迎合视角

本文以2008年至2017年的公司债券为样本,研究了发行人变更评级机构的影响,以此来解释评级市场上发行人频繁变更评级机构的现象。本文发现发行人变更评级机构后,其信用等级得到显著提升。发行人变更评级机构的行为对信用等级的影响在以下两种情形中更显著:一是当发行人所处行业或评级机构所在的评级市场竞争激烈时;二是当发行人主体评级位于AA信用等级的临界点时。进一步研究发现,考虑到评级机构变更与信用等级之间的交互影响,变更评级机构的发行人整体上可实现发债成本的降低。但该类发行人未来的违约风险增加、经营业绩下降。最后,本文发现债券发行规模较大以及非国有发行人更倾向于变更评级机构来提高信用等级。本文通过分析发行人更换信用评级机构的动机和后果,为监管部门构建以评级质量为导向的良性竞争环境提供借鉴参考。     

Hedging Corporate Bonds

We examine Treasury bond and stock index futures, the swap curve and two types of hypothetical corporate bond assets as alternative hedging instruments for portfolios of corporate bonds. Conducting ex post and ex ante tests we find evidence that credit quality and maturity are important sources of basis risk when hedging corporate bonds whose credit rating are below triple A. We conclude that a new corporate hedging instrument may be useful for those wishing to hedge corporate bond portfolios provided that transaction costs are not too high relative to existing futures contracts.     

Divergence in credit ratings

During the recent credit crisis credit rating agencies (CRAs) became increasingly lax in their rating of structured products, yet increasingly stringent in their rating of corporate bonds. We examine a model in which a CRA operates in both the market for structured products and for corporate debt, and shares a common reputation across the two markets. We find that, as a CRA’s reputation becomes good enough, it can be optimal for it to inflate its ratings with probability one in the structured products market, but inflate its ratings with probability zero in the corporate bond market.     

The Original Maturity of Corporate Bonds: The Influence of Credit Rating,Asset Maturity,Security, and Macroeconomic Conditions

We examine the determinants of the new issue maturity of corporate bonds. As credit rating decreases, new bond issues have longer maturities, but substantial variation in maturity within each rating class remains. We seek to explain the variation of new issue maturity within credit classes. We find that asset maturity, security covenants, and macroeconomic conditions influence the new issue maturity of bonds within rating categories.     

The Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on Cost of Corporate Bond: Evidence from China

This article examines the link between corporate social responsibility(CSR) and cost of bond(COB) in China. We find that there exists a negative relationship between CSR and COB. In particular, when the bond issuer is a state-owned enterprise, or when the credit rating of bond is high, the negative association between CSR and COB is strengthened. The findings indicate that CSR plays a significant role in reducing the risk premium of corporate bonds through an insurance-like effect. Moreover, the effect of CSR on COB also depends on contextual factors such as firm ownership and bond credit rating.     

Corporate Credit Spreads and the Sovereign Ceiling in Latin America

We exploit a panel of 72 US dollar-denominated bonds issued by Latin American publicly listed firms between 1996 and 2004, a period of regional financial crises, to answer the following three questions: (1) Is sovereign risk a statistically and economically significant determinant of the corporate credit spread, controlling for firm- and bond-specific characteristics? (2) If yes, do market participants apply the sovereign ceiling rule adopted by rating agencies in the pricing of our bond market data? And (3) how do market views compare with the rating agencies ceiling policy for each corporate bond? We find strong evidence of an economically and statistically significant effect of sovereign risk on corporate spreads across different panel econometric specifications and bonds. Moreover, markets do not apply the ceiling rule in 77–90% of the bonds we sample and these findings are consistent with rating agencies’ policies toward the latter for about 50% of the firms. These results are robust to the inclusion of firm- and bond-specific variables derived from the structural approach to credit risk and to the business cycle in each country.     

The information content of credit ratings: evidence from European convertible bond markets

Prior research has investigated the information content of credit ratings for standard financing instruments such as stocks and corporate bonds, while this question has been neglected for convertible bonds (CBs) so far. CBs are simultaneously determined by the bond floor and the conversion value, which makes it more difficult to assess price effects following rating announcements. In this context, we compare price effects of CBs with those of stocks and corporate bonds of the same issuer using robust event study methods. Our findings indicate that rating changes convey new information for investors in European CBs. In terms of the direction of the expected price reaction, we find CBs to react in a more debt-like manner to the announcement of a rating change. Moreover, our results provide evidence that the magnitude of price reactions differs among different types of securities.     

The delivery option in credit default swaps

Under standard assumptions the reduced-form credit risk model is not capable of accurately pricing the two fundamental credit risk instruments – bonds and credit default swaps (CDS) – simultaneously. Using a data set of euro-denominated corporate bonds and CDS our paper quantifies this mispricing by calibrating such a model to bond data, and subsequently using it to price CDS, resulting in model CDS spreads up to 50% lower on average than observed in the market. An extended model is presented which includes the delivery option implicit in CDS contracts emerging since a basket of bonds is deliverable in default. By using a constant recovery rate standard models assume equal recoveries for all bonds and hence zero value for the delivery option. Contradicting this common assumption, case studies of Chapter 11 filings presented in the paper show that corporate bonds do not necessarily trade at equal levels following default. Our extension models the implied expected recovery rate of the cheapest-to-deliver bond and, applied to data, largely eliminates the mispricing. Calibrated recovery values lie between 8% and 47% for different obligors, exhibiting strong variation among rating classes and industries. A cross-sectional analysis reveals that the implied recovery parameter depends on proxies for the delivery option, primarily the number of available bonds and bond pricing errors. No evidence is found for a direct influence of the bid-ask spread, notional amount, coupon, or rating used as proxies for bond market liquidity.     

企业发债和贷款期限的差异化:基于增量法的实证研究

已有文献主要从资产负债表法来实证研究企业负债期限结构的影响因素,本文以我国企业在1998～2008年企业发行的各类债券和银行贷款为研究对象,运用增量法从企业财务特征和债务契约属性等方面对企业增量债务期限的影响因素进行实证研究,采用了GMM计量方法,并通过对比分析筛选出了影响企业发债和贷款期限差异化的关键因素。研究表明:企业规模越大,利润率越高,具备担保,信用评级和授信比率越高,其债务期限越长。企业若选择发债,债务期限会延长,而选择银行贷款则企业债务期限会缩短。     

经济政策不确定性、声誉机制与信用评级

本文以2007-2019年我国企业债券为样本,采用有序Probit回归模型探讨经济政策不确定性对信用评级的影响,研究结果表明:(1)经济政策不确定性的增加会促使评级机构显著降低信用评级,这种影响因产权性质存在显著差异,而且在债券市场刚性兑付被打破后更为显著;(2)声誉机制对上述影响产生积极的调节效应,声誉受损或声誉水平较高的评级机构会更加谨慎地评估经济政策不确定性的影响效应。基于此,政府应合理管控政策的出台和调整以增强社会预期,监管机构要不断强化对评级机构的监管,促使评级机构提高信用评级的质量。