跨国公司拓展国际市场战略模式研究及其启示

伴随着世界经济的风云万变 ,跨国公司在其全球战略的指导下 ,不断调整其全球投资战略及拓展国际市场的战略思路与模式。本文在充分研究跨国公司拓展国际市场战略模式相关理论及其应用的基础上 ,尝试构建国际市场进入战略模式选择决策的综合性模型。并基于中国企业跨国经营战略模式选择现状及相关问题的探析 ,提出战略模式选择的相应对策建议 ,以期对中国企业实施“走出去”的战略选择提供有益的借鉴     

中国跨国公司在企业国际化过程中的外国市场选择与进入模式

基于中国跨国公司的崛起，它们如何在外国市场选择与进入模式方面作出决策需要系统研究。通过对中国制造企业的调查，我们发现它们的外国市场选择及进入模式战略在不同的对外，直接投资（FDI）的经营模式中存在着显著差异。发达经济体及发展中国家都是中国企业出口的重要市场，同时这些企业更倾向于在发达经济体中投资于营销、生产及研发领域。本研究结论对理解新兴市场跨国公司的海外市场选择和进入模式有重要启示。     

跨国公司在华投资的战略调整及其对策

随着改革开放的不断深入,尤其是中国加入WTO以后,更多的跨国公司采用各种方式进入了中国市场。同时,跨国公司在华的投资战略也出现了一定的调整和变化。通过分析可以发现,跨国公司的战略调整对于中国经济的发展具有非常重大的影响。如何应对跨国公司在华投资的战略调整,已经成为摆在中国政府和企业面前的一项刻不容缓的重大任务。     

东道国腐败对跨国公司进入模式的影响研究

作为东道国投资环境中的重要组成部分,腐败不但会对FDI流入总量产生影响,还会对跨国公司的战略产生影响,而首先受到影响的就是跨国公司的进入模式战略。本研究以19个新兴市场国家的745家跨国公司子公司作为样本,运用MANOVA分析、判别分析、Logistic分析等研究方法得到以下结论:第一,东道国国家层面感知腐败、产业层面感知腐败会使跨国公司采用持股比例较低的合资(控股或非控股)进入模式;第二,东道国腐败程度对跨国公司进入模式战略的影响会受到跨国公司进入东道国战略动机的调节。     

日美跨国公司经营战略的比较及对我国工业企业的启示

跨国公司战略是战略的一个子集，是战略概念的国际化延伸，意味着企业将放眼于世界市场和世界资源分布，而不是紧盯着某一市场的资源。根据不同的划分标准，跨国公司战略有多种分类方法，从跨国公司战略的层次上来看，跨国公司战略可分为：公司战略、竞争战略、职能战略；从国际市场进入方式上来看，可分为：贸易式进入、契约式进入、投资式进入；从跨国公司的组织控制模式上来看，可划分为：本国中心型战略、多国中心型战略、全球中心型战略；从跨国公司的成长方式上来看，可划分为：产品——市场型成长战略、资源——生产型成长战略、一体化成长战略。     

不同来源跨国资本在中国FDI的比较研究

文章对美国、欧盟、日本、新加坡、中国香港、中国台湾等中国大陆最主要的投资来源国和地区的跨国公司在华投资的决定因素进行鉴别和分析,对比了在中国投资的不同来源跨国公司的投资规模、销售分布和本土化战略、投资区位分布、产业分布和投资绩效。文章认为,无论不同来源国家和地区的跨国公司进入中国市场是出于何种目的都将不断扩大其在中国的市场份额,增加和巩固与中国的经济联系,以及在投资区位选择上,除东部之外将继续扩大在中部和西部的投资。     

文化差异对跨国公司进入模式的影响

跨国公司进行直接投资受多种因素的影响,其中东道国与母国的文化差异在跨国公司进行投资决策时的作用越来越大,尤其是对跨国公司的进入模式选择产生了重大影响。文章分析了文化差异对跨国公司进入东道国市场模式选择的影响,并且就中国企业跨国化如何应对文化差异提出建议。     

跨国公司市场进入战略研究——兼评中国企业进入国际市场战略

“市场进入战略”是国际商务学的前沿课题之一, 也是决定跨国公司经营成败的一个重大因素。本文从跨国公司市场进入的一般方式出发, 具体分析跨国公司进入中国市场的状况,在此基础上提出中国企业进入国际市场的战略选择     

跨国公司在华直接投资独资化研究

1997年之后,在中国建立的外商企业除了那些境外自然人投资的以外,多数是跨国公司的企业。因此,1997年之后外商在华投资的情况,可以在相当大的程度上反映跨国公司在华投资情况。从我国利用外商直接投资的实践来看,跨国公司逐渐加强对中国市场的投资,值得注意的是,其进入中国市场的方式正在发生变迁,更多的公司采取独资方式或追加已有投资从而提高股权比例。现在独资公司已经成为跨国公司在华直接投资的一种主导形式。跨国公司为什么采取这种模式、对我国的影响如何、我国企业和政府如何应对。针对这些问题,笔者在中外经济学者研究成果的基础上,结合中国的实际情况展开研究,从内外两个方面分析跨国公司在华投资独资化产生的深层次原因,分析其对中国产生的消极影响,然后提出相应的应对措施,对其进行研究有利于我国更好地利用外资。     

影响跨国公司以战略联盟方式进入中国市场的因素分析

对跨国公司以战略联盟的方式进入中国市场的影响因素进行分析,对于中国吸引外资投入和中国企业以联盟的方式进入国际市场都有重要意义。从东道国因素、母国因素、产业因素、公司自身因素等几个方面来分析其对跨国公司以战略联盟方式进入中国市场的影响。     

WHAT ATTRACTS FOREIGN MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS TO CHINA?

After adopting the open-door policy, China experienced a boom of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) by multinational corporations. This article attempts to assess effects of location characteristics and government policies on FDI flows during the period 1987–98. A model of FDI determinants is specified and estimated with cross-section and panel data. The estimates indicate that China's huge market size, liberalized FDI regime, and improving infrastructure are attractive to multinationals. The regional distribution of FDI within China is influenced largely by FDI incentives and historical-cultural links with foreign investors, along with other location factors.     

Asymmetric effects of trade costs on entry modes: Firm level evidence

Standard foreign direct investment (FDI) theory suggests that falling trade costs should discourage horizontal FDI. Most FDI is horizontal. Yet, the world witnessed an FDI boom in 1990s, a period of striking falls in trade barriers. This paper carries out an empirical analysis with rich, firm-level data on the activities of Swedish multinationals around the globe in manufacturing sectors from 1987 to 1998 to shed light on this apparent conflict. The analysis is based on the predictions of a recent literature with an industrial organization (IO) angle: Trade costs have asymmetric effects on foreign expansion modes. This view posits that falling trade costs encourage entry realized as mergers and acquisitions (M&As), one of the potential explanations for the conflict between received theory and recent trends in FDI. Empirical results confirm the findings of this recent literature and add to it by testing its extensions.     

河北省吸引外商直接投资的现状分析

20世纪80年代以来,全球产业结构呈现出从“工业型经济”向“服务型经济”转型的总趋势,现代服务业逐渐成为世界经济增长的重要引擎。河北省吸引外商直接投资增长较快,但在服务业中的外商直接投资比例较低,且投资结构不合理,成为河北省经济发展的“短板”。而河北省服务业基础设施落后、产业政策向制造业倾斜、城市化滞后、人力资源素质低等成为服务业吸引外商直接投资的制约因素。应通过政策环境、基础环境的改善来增加河北省对外资的吸引力。     

The spatial correlation and interaction between environmental regulation and foreign direct investment

This paper uses spatial simultaneous equation models to analyze the two-way mechanism between environmental regulation and foreign direct investment (FDI). The results, based on data from 285 cities in China from 2003 to 2014, show the following. (1) Not only does environmental regulation have a significant impact on the location choice of FDI, but FDI tends to flow to a city with more relaxed environmental regulation. Environmental regulation can also trigger the near transfer effect of FDI. (2) FDI has a significant spatial spillover effect and this spatial spillover effect has an important impact on FDI and environmental regulation in a particular city. (3) Although multinationals choose a city with more relaxed environmental regulations when they invest in China, FDI inflows have increased both the number and severity of local environmental regulations, indicating that the “pollution haven” hypothesis does not hold in China. (4) Environmental regulation has a significant spatial spillover effect, and this spatial spillover effect has an important impact on both environmental regulation and FDI in cities. In China, there is also a local competitive effect of environmental regulation, albeit with significant regional differences.     

FDI对中国区位环境的动态要求

改革开放二十多年以来,中国吸收了大量的外国直接投资(FDI)。在这一过程中,FDI的来源和投资目标区位也发生了很大变化。文章分析了吸引FDI进入中国的区位因素(政策框架、经济因素、便利化措施)的动态变化,并且指出了区位选择要素的动态变化对我国利用外资中长期战略的影响。     

Evidence on corruption as an incentive for foreign direct investment

This paper assesses the relationship between corruption and inward foreign direct investment (FDI). Previous research has presumed that corruption directly enters the cost function of multinationals, suggesting a negative relationship between corruption and FDI. For a sample of 73 developed and less developed countries and the time period 1995–1999, we find a clear positive relationship between corruption and FDI. Corruption is thus a stimulus for FDI.     

Competing to Outsource in the South

This paper analyzes foreign direct investment (FDI) competition in a three‐country framework: two Northern countries and one Southern country. We have in mind the competition of Airbus and Boeing in a developing country. The host‐country government endogenizes tariffs, while Airbus and Boeing choose domestic output and FDI. Wages and employment in the home countries are negotiated. We find that in the unique equilibrium, both Airbus and Boeing compete to undertake FDI in the developing country. This arises because the host country can play off the multinationals, which in turn stems from three factors: (a) oligopolistic rivalry; (b) quid pro quo FDI; (c) strategic outsourcing—FDI drives down the union wages at home if the host‐country wage is sufficiently low. However, if the host‐country wage is sufficiently high, the union wage increases under FDI. In such cases, FDI competition benefits the multinationals, the labor unions, as well as the host country.     

The impact of bilateral investment treaties on foreign direct investment

This paper uses a large panel of OECD data on stocks of outward foreign direct investment (FDI) to evaluate the impact of bilateral investment treaties. For several variants of the knowledge capital model of multinationals, we demonstrate that investment treaties exert a significant positive effect on outward FDI, if they actually are implemented. Moreover, even signing a treaty has a positive, although lower and in most specifications insignificant, effect on FDI. Journal of Comparative Economics 32 (4) (2004) 788–804.     

Foreign direct investment,heterogeneous workers and employment security: Evidence from Germany

We analyze how foreign direct investment (FDI) affects employment security using administrative microdata for German employees. Measuring FDI intensity at the industry level enables us to take into account the sum of direct effects at multinationals as well as indirect effects of FDI throughout the affected industry. We find that both inward and outward FDI significantly reduce employment security. This is particularly the case for inward FDI coming from the western part of the European Union as well as for outward FDI going to Central and Eastern Europe. The effects are sizeable for older and low‐skilled workers.     

Dimensions of international expansions by US firms to China: Wealth effects,mode selection,and firm-specific factors

China's recent efforts to attract foreign investment have been viewed favorably by US firms, who have explored a variety of strategies for expanding to China. This paper provides evidence related to a comprehensive set of strategies used by US firms to expand to China. For the 302 announcements of expansion by US firms into the Chinese market, several firm-specific factors are found to affect both the choice of mode entry and the reaction of investors to the announcement of the expansion. The results suggest that firms with a high investment in proprietary assets prefer foreign direct investment (FDI) modes to non-FDI modes, as do firms with high levels of geographic diversification. Firms entering the Chinese market utilize non-FDI modes, while those who have established a presence in China prefer FDI modes. The reaction of the stock market to expansions to China is positive; average excess returns of 0.75% are observed for the two days surrounding the announcement. Both FDI and non-FDI categories of expansion have statistically significant excess returns. Analysis by mode of expansion shows that expansions through joint ventures (JVs) and contracts are the most desirable alternatives. Other modes of expansion do not result in significant excess returns. Finally, a firm's prior financial performance has a significant influence on its ability to profitably expand to China.