改革开放以来我国经济周期波动的典型事实

本文在经济周期的波动性、持续性、逆转性和协动性等特征的基础上,总结改革开放以来我国经济周期波动的典型事实。研究结果表明,我国经济周期波动的典型事实总体上符合经济周期波动的经验规律,但由于特殊的国情也存在着一些独特性,我国经济周期波动的个别典型事实并不服从一般经济学规律。     

大国经济发展的典型化特征

大国经济发展有着诸多的经验事实,从经验事实中归纳出典型化事实,并抽象出典型化特征,这是大国经济研究的逻辑起点。本文在界定典型化事实和典型化特征的前提下,以新兴大国的代表--“金砖国家”为经验对象,总结和概括了大国经济发展的典型化特征,包括大国国内需求的规模性与稳定性、大国要素禀赋的异质性与适应性、大国产业部门的完整性与独立性、大国区域经济的差异性与互补性、大国经济结构的多元性与层次性、大国制度创新的实验性与渐进性。     

中国经济周期的非对称性问题研究

经济周期的非对称性对于经济周期的研究具有非常重要的意义.文章利用HP滤波和时间趋势剔除技术对中国主要宏观经济变量的对数序列(季度)进行了长期趋势的剥离,得到了反映中国经济周期性波动的周期成分;区分了关于经济周期的两种类型的非对称:深度型(DEEP)非对称和陡峭型(STEEP)非对称;利用Sichel(1993)提出的对经济周期非对称性的检验方法,对中国的主要宏观经济变量进行了非对称性的检验,结果发现了实际GDP(对数)等经济变量中周期性非对称的证据.实际GDP(对数)序列出现周期性非对称的原因是多方面的,实证研究表明价格在经济周期的不同阶段表现出了非对称性调整,而价格的非对称性调整会导致对社会资源的非对称配置,进而导致经济周期的非对称性.     

有关金融经济周期的论述与分析

金融经济周期是指经济的周期性的持续性的变化,是由金融体系的传导作用形成的.从微观上来看,基础是金融加速器,信用波动和资产价格波动是金融经济基础的重要关注点.金融经济周期的特点是发生频率低但时间长.不同国家的金融经济周期有不同的表现特征,国家的货币政策和经济体系是重要影响因素.本文介绍了金融经济周期的生成原理、表现特征,概括了金融经济周期模型在我国的运用.     

开放条件下中国经济周期波动的经验分析

文章通过选取1952—2011年的经济数据,讨论了1978年改革开放前后中国经济周期特征的变化,并与其他国家经济周期特征进行了比较。分析发现,中国经济周期既有新兴市场国家的周期特征,又有发达国家的周期特征。改革开放后,除了价格和名义汇率外,其他宏观经济变量的波动幅度都变小了,大多数经济变量与产出的同期相关性和持续性都提高了。这些事实对于理解中国经济周期波动具有十分重要的作用。     

改革开放以来中国经济周期波动态势分析

通过运用定性和定量两种方法对改革开放以来中国经济周期的存在性进行实证检验,在此基础上研究其波动态势,结果显示,改革开放以来,中国经济在运行过程中确实存在着周期性波动,并且波动周期长度大约是六年,同时经济周期在逐渐拉长,波动幅度逐渐缩小,经济周期波动态势整体上呈收敛态势.这从侧面印证了中国宏观调控能力在显著增强.     

中国经济周期波动特征研究

文章通过H-P滤波分离出实际GDP的趋势项和波动项,计算实际GDP的波动率,并依据渡动率划分经济周期、分析经济周期波动的特征.1978-2005年中国经历了3个朱格拉周期和1个基钦周期共4个经济周期,且最后一次经济周期仍在继续.中国经济周期波动有如下特征:一是高位平稳运行,波动幅度减小、周期加长;二是中国宏观经济波动是稳定且衰减的阶梯波动;三是中国经济周期波动主要来源于内部传导.     

经济新常态下我国经济周期阶段性的非对称特征

非对称特征是经济周期中的典型化事实，体现为经济增长速度和波动率在周期形态上的非一致性。从我国经济周期非对称形成原因的发展历程来看，计划经济中强制的行政调整在逐步退出，越来越多地使用市场经济体制中的各种宏观经济政策，且宏观经济政策的调控手段趋于多样化，调控能力越来越强。但是，国际社会上的外在不确定性和国内的外在冲击也时有发生，各种合力的综合作用导致了形态各异的非对称经济周期。我国经济进入新常态后，由于增速均值下移，波动率降低，导致非对称性减弱，出现了“L型“波动征兆，这意味着新常态阶段将呈现出平均增速下移的趋势性特征。对此，我国应该采取必要的针对性宏观调控措施。     

山西经济与全国经济周期性波动的相关性分析

经济周期即繁荣—萧条周期,整体上反映了各大经济变量的周期性变动,是与我们的经济生活紧密相联,也是国家在对经济宏观调控时非常重要的经济现象与经济指标。我国改革开放以来,经济增长表现为周期性的波动。且随着我国由计划经济向市场经济的转变,在具有中国特色社会主义的市场经济的条件下,我国的经济周期性波动也有着中国的特色。而我国在进行社会主义市场经济运行里,带有中国特色的周期性波动的相关指标也成为我国宏观经济调控中非常重要的因素之一。文章以山西省建国后经济周期性波动状况为例,简要分析、总结自改革开放以来政府宏观调控的特点和趋势,并提出减缓经济周期波动、保障国民经济持续稳定增长的相应对策与建议。     

从零散事实到典型化事实再到规律发现——兼论经济研究的层次划分

本文结合中国经济学发展的思考,对于典型化事实在经济理论中的地位和作用进行了初步探讨。典型化事实是一种能够反映经济运行的真实和基本特征的具有代表性的关键性事实。中国经济的"典型化事实"研究和发现仍然是一个未完成的任务。以计量分析指标所显示的典型化事实,及其所赖以产生的基础模型,必须建立在长期经济理论研究的积累之上。典型化事实,又是经济理论发展的方向。典型化事实的研究中需要排除一些不良的研究方法,并注意采用正确方法从零散事实中提炼典型化事实。经济研究的过程,大致上包括从零散事实到典型化事实,再到一般理论模型和真实模型,最后到经济规律发现等环节。     

BUSINESS CYCLES IN SINGAPORE: STYLIZED FACTS FOR A SMALL OPEN ECONOMY

This paper sets out to discover the salient characteristics of economic fluctuations in the small open economy of Singapore. To this end, band‐pass filters and unobserved components models are first used to extract the cyclical components in macroeconomic variables. The extent to which domestic business cycles are influenced by foreign economic cycles with regards to their persistence, comovement and volatility properties are then assessed using time‐series statistics. The paper also documents how shocks originating from abroad are propagated to the broader economy. Although it is found that idiosyncratic features are present in Singapore's macroeconomic fluctuations, there are also stylized business cycle facts to be learnt about small open economies in general.     

Quarterly US unemployment: Cycles,seasons and asymmetries

This paper documents three stylized facts for the quarterly unemployment rate in the United States. Firstly, unemployment is asymmetric over the business cycle, i.e. it rises sharply in recessions and it falls slowly in expansions. Secondly, its seasonal fluctuations are not constant across the two business cycle stages in the sense that there is less seasonality in recession periods. Thirdly, the effect of shocks to the unemployment rate in expansions seem transitory, while this effect is permanent in recessions. Some implications of these stylized facts for empirical macroeconomics and seasonal adjustment are discussed.     

Business cycles in Italy: A statistical investigation

This paper conducts a statistical analysis of post-war economic fluctuations in Italy. It is argued that business cycles in this country qualitatively conform to the general character of the phenomenon, a result which confirms existing evidence. A temporal stability analysis of stylized facts shows that some statistically significant changes in the empirical regularities occurred after 1973, but they did not alter the main qualitative features of the business cycle. The evidence thus supports interpretative models of the Italian business cycle which incorporate a stable propagation mechanism.     

On business cycle fluctuations in USA macroeconomic time series

This study employs eighteen USA macroeconomic time series variables to investigate possible existence of asymmetries in business cycle fluctuations in the series. Detection of asymmetric fluctuations in economic activity is important for policymakers since effective monetary policy relies on asymmetric business cycle fluctuations in all the series. The asymmetric deviations from the long-term growth trend in each of the series are modeled using regime switching models and artificial neural networks. The results based on nonlinear switching time series models reveal strong evidence of business cycle asymmetries in most of the series. The results based on in-sample approximations from artificial neural networks show statistically significant evidence of asymmetries in all the series. Similar results are obtained when jackknife out-of-sample approximations from artificial neural networks are used. Thus, the study results show statistically significant evidence of asymmetries in all the series which indicates that business cycle fluctuations in the series are asymmetric, thus alike. Therefore, the impact of monetary policy shocks on the output and the other macroeconomic variables can be anticipated using nonlinear models only. The results on asymmetric business cycle fluctuations in real GDP are in line with recent studies but in sharp contrast with Balke and Fomby (1994).     

中国宏观经济分析面临新挑战

正如中国经济发展正处于十字路口 ,中国的宏观经济调控面临转型的重要关口一样 ,中国的宏观经济理论也正面临严峻的挑战。本文通过宏观态势分析中两个不同思路即规范性宏观分析思路和宏观问题感受性分析思路的比较 ,发现规范性宏观分析虽然权威和简明 ,但是在诊断中国宏观问题时缺乏准确性 ;宏观问题感受性分析虽然准确全面 ,但是缺乏学术性提炼。中国宏观经济理论为了承担起向宏观调控政策提供思想基础这一基本任务 ,必须寻找宏观经济中真正具有典型化的事实 ,分析这些事实之间的内在联系及其对宏观经济走向的影响 ,进而重新梳理中国宏观经济关系 ,重建中国的宏观经济分析理论体系。     

AUSTRALIAN BUSINESS CYCLE FACTS*

This paper documents the post-war business cycle facts for Australia. The Hodrick-Prescott filter is used to remove the trend component from quarterly macroeconomic series. The business cycle facts we report are the volatilities of the cyclical (detrended) series and their cross correlations with cyclical real output. These facts are consistent with the business cycle facts reported for the United States, the United Kingdom and New Zealand with one exception. For most of the period since 1974, the real wage in Australia is strongly counter-cyclical whereas for these countries it is procyclical.     

Fiscal Stabilization in the EMU

This paper analyzes the effects of macroeconomic shocks in the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) using a stylized two-country model. First, it is shown how asymmetries between countries might matter in terms of the resulting business cycle fluctuations. More specifically, country-specific shocks are allowed for as well as cross-national differences in wage behavior. Second, it is shown by means of numerical simulations how national and federal fiscal stabilization policies can be used to dampen business cycle fluctuations in various (a)symmetric settings. The main innovation of the paper is to illustrate how structural differences between countries help to determine the impact of macroeconomic shocks and the effectiveness of fiscal policy.     

Some Preliminary Findings on Hong Kong Business Cycles

This paper presents some preliminary quantitative findings on the characteristics of business cycles in Hong Kong. The recently developed "approximate bandpass filter" is used to extract the fluctuations at business cycle frequencies (8 to 32 quarters) of macroeconomic time series. Based on the filtered time series, the paper identifies the cyclical turning points, describes the pattern of output fluctuations, and examines the co‐movement of various macroeconomic variables.     

Business Cycles Between Developed and Developing Economies

This paper compares the stylized facts of international real business cycles between developed and developing countries. A two-sector two-country real business cycles model is constructed to examine the cyclical behaviors of domestic as well as international macroeconomic variables, and to evaluate the model's consistency with empirical observations. The model predicts correctly that consumption, investment, and saving are procyclical, while the trading balance/output ratio is countercyclical. There exist, however, some discrepancies between the model and the data.     

On the plausibility of sunspot equilibria

This paper presents a one-sector business cycle model with variable capacity utilization and externalities that stem from aggregate economic activity. It uses a new formulation of the endogenous capital utilization rate in which utilization costs appear in the form of variable maintenance expenses. Indeterminacy arises at approximate constant returns to scale. This result challenges the viewpoint that indeterminacy is empirically implausible. Sunspot driven model fluctuations duplicate a number of stylized facts of the business cycle. Plausible parameter space contains regions in which stationary sunspot equilibria are stable under learning.