日本相互持股问题研究述评

相互持股理论从比较制度分析角度对日本相互持股问题进行了比较全面的解释,该理论已经成为企业理论、金融理论以及产业组织理论等的重要内容。相互持股问题研究的最新进展主要包括了相互持股条件下企业内部代理问题、非代理问题,以及产业组织等方面的理论和经验研究成果。我国作为一个转型国家,所有权改革是其经济转型的主要内容,相互持股研究对于确保我国企业改革方向的正确性具有重要的现实意义。     

日本企业间相互持股制度的作用及其形成过程

日本企业间的相互持股制度在日本经济高速增长期，对经济的发展起了重要的作用。而泡沫经济崩溃后，随着相互持股成本的提高，其负面影响逐步显现。本文主要讨论相互持股对企业经营产生的负面作用，它是通过两种途径引发的．一是由相互持股引发的对经营者监督的弱化；二是由相互持股而产生的经     

简论日本相互持股制度的经验教训

文章首先分析了日本相互持股制度形成和发展的历史功绩和经验教训，强调了相互持股制度在日本经济高速增长和泡沫经济形成过程中的重要作用，然后在论述相互持股制度的双面效应的基础上得出相互持股制度尚有发展的生命力和借鉴价值的结论。     

公司相互持股与中国企业改革——对发展条件、利弊影响及管制对策的分析

公司相互持股在中国形成的一些条件正在具备,许多同相互持股相似的现象与后果已经在中国出现,公司相互持股正在成为中国企业改革中一个引入瞩目的新问题。公司相互持股的出现对于中国经济发展和企业改革将产生许多新的影响,包括促进企业之间长期交易关系,保护专用性人力资产投资,导致企业资本虚增,出现新的内部人控制等。因此,对于公司相互持股的管制必须根据相互持股的效率,明确管制原则,采取新的对策措施。     

法人持股:企业自主经营的一种选择

股分制，作为国有企业转换经营机制的思路选择之一，对于企业集资、融资是一种有效的手段，对于理顺国有资产的产权关系，及利益关系有一定的作用，对于硬化企业的外部约束力、增强企业的竞争意识具有一定的效应．那么，国有企业股份制改造的突破口在那里呢？本文认为：企业法人相互持股是最佳的选择．一、企业法人相互持股的作用和机罅制为什么说，国有企业实行股份制能强化企业之间的们向制约、淡化行政主管部门的直接干预，突出经营者集团的作用呢？原因在于：企业法人相互持股具有一种特殊的作用和机制．我国国有企业的改革，并不是通过…     

日本主银行制度演变的路径分析

日本主银行制度源于战前的银行体制和二战期间的“军需企业指定金融机关”制度。战后，日本金融体制基本被保留下来，在日本经济恢复和高速增长期，日本企业与银行通过相互持股紧密结合起来，形成了企业和银行相互促进、共同发展的良性循环．但是，在20世纪90年代日本泡沫经济崩溃以后，紧密的银企关系加剧了企业危机与银行危机的连锁反应，导致银行与企业相互羁绊的恶性循环．     

日本反过度竞争的经验

日本通过实行对内企业巨大化和对外自由化的产业政策，采用法人相互持股的独特的企业股权结构，强调竞合关系的竞争观念，对有效罅过度竞争起了巨大作用，这为我们提供了有２价值的参考作用和借鉴意义。     

从日本法人相互持股看中国企业日本上市的可行性

随着中国加盟WTO和企业国际化、全球化的发展，海外上市成为许多企业融资的重要选择。但调查显示，希望海外上市的中国企业极少选择日本。日本股市构成的特殊性是妨碍中国企业选择日本上市的重要原因之一。相互持股方式是日本企业的重要特点之一，而相互持股带来的封闭性，限制了股份的流通，导致了不公正的股价过高，也导致了企业资本的低效运用。这些负面作用使日本法人和投资家对持有股份持悲观和规避态度，也正是这一封闭性阻碍了中国企业日本上市的动机。     

日本企业中的相互持股、“稳定股东”和虚拟大股东

日本的企业,彼此之间持有对方的股票是非常普遍的,脱离开相互持股无法把握日本 企业的治理结构。相互持股创造出了大量的不行使投票权的“稳定股东”,而且在日本 企业股权法人化,经营者作为股东代言人的条件下,这些“稳定股东”实际上是由一个个的企业经营者来扮演的。从控制权和剩余索取权的角度,日本企业中的经营者已经成了虚拟大股东,在企业中最具发言权。     

美日企业发展模式的比较分析

美国和日本虽然都取得了经济发展方面的成就,但是二者在企业发展思想、融资和股权结构、企业权力的配置与监控、企业与员工的关系等方面都存在明显的差别。如以自由、平等、竞争作为企业发展思想的美国主要以间接融资为主,以个人持股和机构持股为主,属于经理人控制的外部监控型的企业治理模式,而以忠诚和集团主义思想为主的日本,则是以银行直接融资为主,企业的持股结构表现为法人持股和交叉持股,属于所有与支配相分离的内部监控的企业治理模式。     

On the Major Transformation of the Asia-Pacific Regional Structure北大核心CSSCISSCI

Recent years have witnessedsignificant changes in the Asia-Pacific regionalstructure featuring the shift in power balance among related countries as well as adjust-ments in their respective regional strategies. So what is the prevailing trend in thistransformation and what kind of regional order will likely emerge in the future？ To an-swer these questions, the paper tries to explore the following dimensions： the evolvingregional context, shift in power balance and power conversion, geo-political and geo-e-conomic developments and interactions between them, and evolving regional order. Asthe study shows, the broadening of regional geographical scope, the rise in the numberof actors involved, as well as changesin the relations among them, have combined tocast a pluralistic and complex flavor to the regional structure. While the power balanceamong China, the United States and Japan shifts, and power conversion is also occur-ring. China and Japan are paying increasing attention to their security roles, whereasthe United States under the Obama administration laid more stress on expanding itsgeo-economic clout. In spite of the intensifying geopolitical competition among China,the United States and Japan in recent years, a Sino-US strategic compromise-whichholds the key to regional geopolitics-isother front, some kind of geo-economicmore likely to take place in the future. On thecooperation will probably emerge. In the longerterm, it will be the geo-economic trend thatwill prevail over the geopolitical trend inthe region. Finally, the future evolution of regional order wiI1 mainly follow the eco-nomic logic, accompanied by the dilutionof its hegemonic and hierarchical nature.Hence, a pluralistic and complex regional community will emerge.     

The German Hanse and Bergen – new perspectives on an old subject

Abstract

The Hanseatic League and her kontors (trading posts) were an integral part of the medieval trade system in Northern Europe. Hanse merchants dominated many markets in this region and managed to maintain a monopoly-like role in towns like Novgorod and Bergen for many centuries. Consequently, one focus of historical research about the Hanseatic League lay on the mechanisms that enabled the Hanse merchants to keep that strong of a position for such a long time.

This article is part of the discussion about this topic. Based on Lübeck merchants with business interest in the Norwegian town of Bergen, the so-called Bergenfahrers (Bergen travellers), it will give new insights into the Hansards' economical and social organization. The three main points are (a) the integration of the Bergen market in the Hanseatic trade network as an intermediary trading place on the vivid East–West route of Hanse trade; (b) the importance of the Bergenfahrers within the Hanse merchants' economical, social and political networks; and (c) the structure of the Bergenfahrers network patterns in the late Middle Ages.

In addition to new insights into the important role of Bergen and the Bergenfahrers within Lübeck's and the other Wendish Hanse towns' trading system, this articles provides further proof for the usefulness of the methods of Social Network Analysis in medieval economic research.     

Organization and incentives in the age of sail

The British Navy in the age of sail was the most successful bureaucracy of its time. Its organization and incentive structures differed importantly from contemporaneous private sailing ventures, but closely resembled those of today’s large corporations. To induce efficient effort, the navy used a hierarchical tournament, in which sailors competed for higher pay that came with promotions based on relative performance. Promotion probabilities, the option value of future promotions, and the higher effort required of men in higher ranks and on larger vessels, combined to yield a highly skewed pay structure.     

Financial Reporting and Trade Credit: Evidence from Mandatory IFRS Adoption*

We investigate the effect of mandatory IFRS adoption on trade credit. We document that firms in countries that adopt IFRS receive more trade credit from their suppliers, consistent with improved financial reporting quality and comparability playing a role in facilitating informal financing. This increase is larger for countries with a low level of societal trust, a poor pre‐IFRS‐adoption information environment, and stronger legal enforcement. These cross‐sectional results suggest that the conditions under which higher‐quality information is made publicly available affect suppliers' decisions to provide trade credit. This increase is also larger for firms with greater exposure to foreign markets, a finding that highlights the importance of more comparable international financial reporting standards in facilitating cross‐country trade credit. We also find that IFRS adoption has a stronger positive effect on trade credit for firms with greater liquidity needs. Finally, we find that firms in countries that adopt IFRS also extend more trade credit to their customers. Overall, our results support the notion that financial reporting can have a causal effect on trade credit.     

区域工业产业竞争力指标体系的构建及其评价方法研究

文章通过建立省级区域工业产业竞争力评价指标体系,设计竞争力模型,利用SPSS统计软件,对各省工业产业竞争力进行了评价测定。     

中俄经济技术合作面临新机遇

中俄在十年内把各自的GDP翻一番的目标,为发展中俄经济技术合作提供了机遇.仅仅依靠商品贸易的增长很难大幅度提升中俄经贸关系,需要全面开展经济技术合作,特别是加强在自然资源开发、跨国投资、军工技术和产品贸易领域的合作.     

INFRASTRUCTURE POLICY IN INDONESIA, 1965–2015: A SURVEY

This survey, first, provides an overview of the main developments in the infrastructure sector in Indonesia during the past five decades and, second, considers what the main policy and management bottlenecks in infrastructure appear to be. The overview of main developments indicates that, in broad terms, most parts of the sector have expanded considerably but that the needs remain acute for further expansion and for attention to the maintenance of existing facilities. Demand for infrastructure is high, especially since the regulated prices set for infrastructure services are often low. Access is often difficult, however, because of shortages of infrastructure, and quality is often unsatisfactory because of poor maintenance and indifferent management. These problems of access are exacerbated by the regulation of prices. This overview also points to the markedly different performances of industries in which pro-competitive policies have been applied and those in which more traditional policies of close regulation have restricted the operation of markets.