The effect of rural labor migration on poverty alleviation： a viilage-level study in China

The construction of the new socialist countryside is being carried out in China nowadays. Although lots of successful experience has been gotten, different problems occur in various regions yet. To analyze the relationships among rural labor migration, poverty alleviation and characteristics of migrants is important in considering the effect of rural labor migration on the construction of the new. socialist countryside, Available sampling and typical case study are adopted and 236 questionnaires are collected from four villages in northwest GuangxL China, Daxin, Lixin, Longhe and Yongehang, We analyze the rural labor migration status, characteristics of migrants, remittance situation and income, household income and the ratio of remittance income to total household income. About 2/3 of the households have migrants in surveyed villages. And nearly half of the migration households have only one family member as migrants in the four villages. The migrants mainly comprise male and the younger, with the education level of junior middle school and higher More than half of the migrants are employed in Guangdong Province. But the characteristics of migrants in Yongchang are more diverse. The rural labor migration in the village is extremely active and extensive. And over 60% of the household with family members as migrants have remittance income. The rate in Yongchang is extremely high （80%）, And the income of households with migrants getting remittance income is significantly higher than their counterparts. More than half of their income comes from remittance as far as the former kind of household is concerned And in Yongchang, the rate is nearly 80%. The conclusion is that rural labor migration is popular and extensive in lots of villages. And the migration and remittance play an important role in rural household income, especially in some poor villages. For this kind of village, the rural labor migration may be some ＂compulsory course＂ in rural development. And the rural labor emigration is an essential way in     

The pull of inter-provincial migration of rural labor force and its influence on policy-making

As a social phenomenon closely related to development of economy, the population is always the focis of economists＇ attention. Based on the fifth census in 2001, this paper analyzes labor migration in Hubet Provtnce and establishes an econometric model to analyze the pull according to the push and pull theory,, which is the famous theory on the population flow and migration. It points out that the per capita consumption and the employment rate attract strongly the rural labors and makes a deep exploration into the ensuing problems. Such conclusion is a special reference to the decision-making of government. The government can provide some guidance to the rural labors according to the per capita consumption and the employment rate in order to avoid the futility of blind migration.     

扶贫信贷中“寻租”行为的模型分析

本文通过建立不完全信息的动态博弈模型，对农村扶贫信贷中贷方负责人的行为进行分析，找出“寻租”行为的存在原因，从而探讨防范农村扶贫信贷中“寻租”行为的有效模式。     

Migration and rural poverty in China

We analyze two complementary household datasets from China's poor areas to examine whether the poor migrate and whether migration helps the poor. We find an inverted-U-shaped relationship between household endowments and the likelihood of migration. Over time, the poor are more likely to migrate. Using household panel data and taking prior village migration networks as an instrument, we find that having a migrant increases a household's income per capita by 8.5 to 13.1 percent, but that the overall impact on poverty is modest because most poor people do not migrate. Migrants remit a large share of their income and the amount of these remittances is responsive somewhat to the needs of other family members. Journal of Comparative Economics 33 (4) (2005) 688–709.     

The impact of growth and inequality on rural poverty in China

This paper analyzes the evolution of poverty in China from the late 1980s to the late 1990s, employing a version of Shapley decomposition tailored to unit-record household survey data. The changes in poverty trends are attributed to two proximate causes—income growth and shifts in income distribution. Different data sets, poverty lines, poverty measures, and equivalence scales are used to examine the robustness of the results. Potential biases arising from ignoring differential regional prices and inflation are also investigated. Notwithstanding some ambiguities in the results, it is consistently found that rural poverty increased in the second half of the 1990s and adverse distributional changes are the main cause. Journal of Comparative Economics 34 (4) (2006) 694–712.     

The impact of IT use on migration intentions in rural communities

The main goal of this study is to identify potential factors that close the urban-rural digital gap, as well as to determine how one's ‘degree of personal IT use’ enhanced through digital gap bridging efforts affects rural-urban migration intention. To accomplish the goal, an integrated structural model was established. A questionnaire was developed and distributed to residents in rural areas in Korea. Of 302 responses collected, 272 were usable. PLS (Partial Least Squares) were used for analysis. Main effects and moderating effects were both investigated. Perceived usefulness for job and perceived playfulness turned out to be the strongest variables influencing personal IT use in the rural area. However, influence of interpersonal norm and social norm were not significant. Elder people having positive perception of IT use are less likely to leave for urban areas. More educated people tend to more optimistically evaluate the value of IT use; however, they are more likely to leave for urban areas. Lower income families tend to have less negative perception of IT use as their degree of IT use increases. The findings stress the importance of rural adult education and extension, as well as IT infrastructure construction. The contribution of this study is to provide the ground work for a government or policy maker with the purpose of closing the digital gap and minimizing rural-urban immigration in selecting which group to target.     

Assessment of the effects of targeted poverty alleviation policy on differently poverty-stricken households: A multi-propensity score weighting model

Eliminating poverty is a multifaceted global challenge and a focal point of global development governance. With the implementation of targeted poverty alleviation (TPA), China's poverty alleviation efforts have had significant achievements. This study provides a new perspective by classifying poverty-stricken households based on poverty root causes at the household level, a multi-propensity score weighting model based on counterfactual inference is employed to examine the poverty reduction effect and policy precision on six non-equivalent poverty-stricken household groups in a Chinese county. The results reveal that the poverty reduction effects differed among poverty-stricken households with different root causes of poverty. Specifically, households impoverished due to disability have the lowest income of the six groups. The assistance policy effects also vary significantly and are found to be poorly suited to poverty-stricken households a lack of labor force and funds. A robustness test confirms this conclusion and a more nuanced analysis reveals that these differences are reflected in the wage and transfer incomes. Therefore, to ensure the stability of poverty reduction and the sustainability of income for poverty-stricken households, relevant associated aid policies need to place different emphases based on their household characteristics.     

The approach to transforming the traditional agricultural economy: a research on the multiple paths of poverty alleviation and transformation in rural China

Transforming a traditional agricultural economy into a modern economy is one of the main themes in economic development. Through theoretical and empirical analysis, this paper finds out that the key to transformation is to raise the economic value of people, to improve human capital investment and to match the stocks of physical and human capital. China’s rural economy is on the edge of economic take-off, and different zones may pursue different paths for transformation. The source of rural poverty is not the scarcity of income or consumption, but the deficiency of education, social security, medical care and economic opportunity, which we define as “capability poverty”. __________ Translated from The Journal of World Economy (世界经济), 2005,(2) (in Chinese)     

青海扶贫开发的难点与战略探究

反贫困是现代社会面临的重大课题。青海的贫困源于能力贫困,扶贫的难点在于贫困人口的劳动能力无法保持可持续发展。单纯依靠物质资本投资的“输血”型扶贫战略无法从根本上解决青海的贫困问题。确立能使贫困者的脱贫能力持续增长的“造血型”战略是青海扶贫开发的理性选择。     

Growth-equity decomposition of a change in poverty: An axiomatic approach

This paper studies a class of subgroup decomposable poverty measures whose changes may be decomposed into a growth component and a redistribution component. A set of reasonable axioms leads inexorably to a combination of the Watts measure and the poverty gap measure.     

Expectation and satisfaction of rural tourism：a case study of Hainan,China

This study uses the rural tourist motivation scale to measure the motivations, expectations, and satisfaction of nearly 200 rural tourists in five areas of Hainan, China by importance-Performance Analysis （IPA） and factor analysis. The results show that the main motivation for participating in rural tourism is to be close to nature, improve family rela-tionship and relaxation. Tourists are highly satisfied with the landscape and pastoral views as well as the friendliness of the local people and hotels. The results also show that the sample people most care about easy parking and reasonable prices, and they expect ethnic festivals and farm life experiences. Besides the environment, facilities, recreational activities and psychological experience of rural tourism, the overall satisfaction is high. The results of this study can be used by local government leaders as well as the tourism industry to devise ways to promote and improve rural tourism.     

The effect of NAFTA on internal migration in Mexico: a regional economic analysis

Trade facilitates growth in some regions of a country while shrinking others, and therefore to benefit from trade, labour may need to be able to migrate. This mobility is particularly crucial in a developing country with high income inequality like Mexico. We seek to answer the following questions: What characteristics facilitate or hinder that internal migration? Has trade liberalization changed the pattern of internal migration in Mexico? We first predict regional economic growth resulting from changes in Mexico-US tariffs by sector. We find that trade liberalization appears to have largely benefited the manufacturing sector. Next, using a spatial gravity model of migration, we find that while economic growth from trade openness drew workers to urban regions in the northern Border States of Mexico, much of the trade-driven migration occurred before NAFTA. Second, contrary to popular belief, migration from largely rural states appears to have decreased since NAFTA. We also find evidence that migration to the United States increased after NAFTA. Last, we find that income disparity in both the destination and origin region deters migration and that this effect increases after NAFTA. Thus, we see evidence that within-region income disparity can hinder migration, potentially exacerbating income disparity among regions.     

我国城乡间产业的迁移与分工协调发展

城乡产业分工与协调发展是社会生产力发展到一定阶段的必然趋势,也是消除城乡差别、实现城乡一体化发展的有效途径。在我国进入工业反哺农业、城市支持农村的发展新阶段后,我国城乡产业需要重新进行发展定位,并在城乡间进行产业的迁移和布局调整,以突破城市搞工业、农村搞农业的旧格局,引导城市非农产业和资本进入农村地区,使农民和农村地区能够分享工业化和城市化的巨大收益。这种城乡产业的迁移与调整应顺应产业组织演进和产业分工的新趋势,进行产业链层面的分工与重新布局,在城乡之间建立起一体化的产业体系,并最终形成我国产业体系与产业组织体系、城镇等级体系三者协调发展的局面。为此,在宏观层面需要政府推进制度创新和技术创新,深化体制改革,加快农村地区的基础设施建设,构建起城乡间产业分工发展的制度基础和物质基础;在微观层面则需要企业加快组织转型与创新,形成城乡间新型的产业网络组织。     

财政投资对农村脱贫效应的边际递减趋势及对策

中国农村的改革开放取得了巨大的成功,同时也使农村的贫困问题凸现出来;财政投资是解决农村贫困问题的有效途径,然而财政投资的效率边界也使新世纪的扶贫工作面临新的课题.本文分析了农村财政投资对减贫的作用机理,并在此基础上给出了当前农村减贫中财政投资在不同地区、项目上的合理区间和运作方式.     

贫困陷阱的微观机制与实证研究述评

近年来,一批发展经济学家在吸收早期贫困陷阱理论合理内核的基础上,借助现代经济学新的理论与方法,将贫困陷阱问题的研究从宏观层面推进到微观层次、从抽象的理论阐释推进到精细的实证分析,并在此过程中拓展了贫困陷阱问题的研究范围。本文以述论结合的方式梳理这一研究领域的新进展,并在发展经济学学科发展史的视野中审视贫困陷阱理论、展望进一步的研究方向。     

Immigration vs. poverty: Causal impact on demand for redistribution in a survey experiment

We investigate how demand for both the financing and the provision of redistributive policies is affected by information about immigration and poverty. Information about immigration has a positive impact on desired tax progressivity among low-income respondents and a negative one among higher income earners. Information about poverty has no impact. On the provision side, middle- and high-income respondents increase desired public education expenditure in response to poverty, while low-income respondents reduce desired education spending in response to immigration. These heterogeneities are consistent with protectionist reactions to immigration and poverty.     

WTO机制下农村富余劳动力转移

农村富余劳动力是工业化、现代化和城市化的必然结果。在回顾农村富余劳动力转移的理论和实践基础上，从转移的历史和现状入手指明与WTO直接相联系的转移，并进一步完善了WTO背景下我国农村富余劳动力转移思路：拓展农村富余劳动力转移的产业领域，扩大农村富余劳动力转移的活动空间，利用非公有制经济来安排更多的农村富余劳动力，坚持灵活多样的转移方式，并辅之以相应的土地政策，要运用行政、经济等手段为农村富余劳动力转移作好服务工作。     

城市化时代的农村劳动力转移分析

农村劳动力转移与城市化一般是指工业化过程中社会生产力的发展引起的在地域空间上的城镇数量的增加和城镇规模的扩大。目前,农村劳动力转移问题已经成为解决三农问题和全面建设小康社会的重中之重。