旅游产业融合、新业态与非正规就业增长:一个基于经验与概念模型的实证分析

旅游新业态是产品形态、组织形态和经营形态的融合.旅游产业融合催生了旅游新业态.旅游新业态是旅游非正规就业增长的源泉.文章实地调研了以新业态形式运作的酒店、旅行社和景点景区,发现旅游非正规就业在不同行业中普遍存在.为了验证这个假说,向前述三类不同的旅游企业发放了300份问卷,利用问卷形成的构念构建了一个经验模型,通过这个模型发现,旅游产业融合通过产品形态、组织形态和经营形态影响非正规就业.文章的核心观点有三个:第一,旅游产业融合催生了新业态,旅游新业态可以通过非正规就业带动就业总量增长.第二,旅游产品形态、组织形态各自单独并不影响非正规就业,它通过与经济景气度和企业成本交互作用对非正规就业产生影响.旅游经营形态既独立影响非正规就业,同时也和经济环境和企业成本交互作用影响非正规就业.第三,经营形态是旅游非正规就业的核心,在任何情况下,它都在5%水平上显著影响非正规就业.因此,在经济结构调整时期,政府部门应该重视旅游领域出现的各种新业态,新业态可能会改变就业模式.     

互联网旅游的反省与审思

旅游业是高度信息依托型产业.以互联网、移动互联网为代表的信息技术全面渗透到旅游产业的方方面面,使旅游部门实时掌控业态发展大数据成为可能,使游客及时获取服务资讯、增强旅游体验的途径变得丰富多样,使旅游企业能够直面需求和市场波动,从容精准运营并能多元开拓经营渠道,有效地促进了旅游业的产品创新、服务创新、市场创新和体制创新.     

资产经营——旅游大型企业腾飞的必经之路

资产经营———旅游大型企业腾飞的必经之路□王坚旅游大型企业，是指那些经营规模庞大、实力雄厚、资产含量较高、在全国及全球行业内具有较大影响的企业集团，旅游大型企业一般都具有资本经营、跨国经营、规模经营、多元经营和规范经营五大基本特征。国际上大企业的成长...     

旅游企业互联网声誉评价指标体系研究

目前,在国内旅游企业普遍开始依赖互联网开展经营活动后,互联网声誉的评价与管理成为旅游企业经营中的重要环节.在这一过程中,旅游企业互联网声誉评价指标体系的构建成为了一项基础性工作.文章综合运用专家问卷调查法、层次分析法构建了由8个一级指标33个二级指标构成的旅游企业互联网声誉评价指标体系,并对各个指标的权重进行了计量分析,着重探讨了各个评价指标与旅游企业互联网声誉的内在关系,以此来明确未来旅游企业互联网声誉管理的重点与方向.     

旅游产品散论

目前学界对旅游产品的概念存在不少分歧,本文择取如下问题加以讨论:旅游产品是否包含媒介要素、是否是一种经历或体验、是否是商品、是否包含目的地出售的实物形态商品以及是否包含旅游资源.本文认为,媒介要素是旅游产品的必要组成部分,不能把旅游产品看作经历或体验,旅游产品是商品,旅游产品中不包含旅游地出售的旅游纪念品等实物形态商品,也不包括旅游资源.本文着重讨论了旅游资源与旅游产品的关系,提出旅游资源不是旅游产品或产品的一部分,而是、也仅仅是旅游产品生产要素中狭义的土地要素.     

新型消费业态视角下西安文化旅游产业发展路径研究

本文通过对西安市新型消费业态以及城市居民文化旅游消费的现状调查,在文化旅游企业、消费者意向以及消费者的消费环境、基础设施、产业现状、产品设计、服务体系与服务质量方面进行深入调查与研究,对西安市文旅产业发展进行全方位评价,并立足于"全域旅游"发展概念,侧重新型消费业态推动下的供给侧改革,根据西安市目前的旅游资源和产品体系,提出全方位的旅游发展思路与具体措施,为西安市旅游业的转型升级提供决策依据,并根据实际情况设计具有前瞻性和创新性的旅游产品。     

旅游产业融合与旅游产业协整发展

旅游产业融合指旅游业和其他产业之间在共生发展中相互渗透、相互融合,最终创立一种新型的业态和一种新的共生产品,并且这种新业态和新型的产品得到市场的认可,从而能够迅速成长为一种新的行业。旅游产业协整,指旅游业和其他产业在共生发展中通过互补作用相互促进、协调发展,但在发展中不同产业仍保持着清晰的产业边界,双方之间没有形成一种规模化的新业态。     

中国旅游发展笔谈--产业融合与旅游（三）旅游产业融合与旅游产业协整发展

旅游产业融合指旅游业和其他产业之间在共生发展中相互渗透、相互融合,最终创立一种新型的业态和一种新的共生产品,并且这种新业态和新型的产品得到市场的认可,从而能够迅速成长为一种新的行业。旅游产业协整,指旅游业和其他产业在共生发展中通过互补作用相互促进、协调发展,但在发展中不同产业仍保持着清晰的产业边界,双方之间没有形成一种规模化的新业态。     

我国旅游产业化的条件与素质分析

发达国家旅游业已经完成了由初级向高级的产业升级，实现了旅游产业化。中国的旅游产业化尚处在初级发展阶段，相应的，我国对旅游产业化的理论研究也有许多空白。本文拟就此作一理论探索。一、旅游产业化的涵义旅游产业化的涵义，一是描述现代旅游业的业态；二是描述中国旅游业和加速向现代旅游业发展的业势。由此，可以为旅游产业化下个定义：旅游产业化是一个复合性的概念，一是指现代化、国际化、规模化和市场化的现代旅游业的业态；二是指相对落后的旅游业向现代旅游业发展并最终步入其中的业势。二、旅游产业化的基本条件实现旅游产业…     

旅游商品的概念辨析与研究框架

旅游商品的概念一直是旅游研究中较为模糊的概念.此前的研究往往通过列举总结的方式对其概念性定义进行界定,但在概念应用上产生诸多的歧义.文章通过研究综述的方式总结了旅游商品概念在旅游研究中的应用,归纳出旅游商品在需求者、供给者与商品流通三种不同维度的概念性定义.在需求者维度下,旅游商品指旅游者在旅游活动中所购买的有形商品;在供给者维度下,旅游商品指由旅游生产系统供应的,具有“旅游”内涵的有形商品;在商品流通维度下,旅游商品指在面向旅游者开放的市场上流通的有形商品.不同维度下的定义由于商品所联接的“角色”与“关系”不同而存在差异.最后,构建出旅游商品的研究框架,以便于旅游商品概念在不同研究中的应用.     

旅游产业融合研究进展及启示

旅游产业融合是社会经济发展到一定阶段的产物,是伴随着旅游业和社会不断发展而出现的一种必然现象。旅游产业融合作为旅游业发展的一种创新形式,为我国旅游业的发展注入了生机和活力。文章从旅游产业融合的概念、产品、模式、机制、路径和效应等方面,对已有旅游产业融合研究进行分析和总结;分析国内与国外旅游产业融合研究在研究内容和研究方法上的差异;并对未来旅游产业融合研究方向和方法提出见解,认为未来旅游产业融合研究应创新和改进研究方法,加强旅游产业融合的系统性研究、旅游产品研发过程中的旅游产业融合研究、旅游产业融合路径研究,以及旅游产业融合与企业经营战略结合的实证研究等。     

Perception of small tourism enterprises in Lao PDR regarding social sustainability under the influence of social network

This paper uses a generalized structural equation model (GSEM) to examine the relationships between a social network, the perception of social sustainability, and the future business intentions of small tourism enterprises, in the context of a developing country, Lao PDR. The data were derived from 177 such enterprises located in two destinations in 2016. Initiatives in building social networks and the provision of training and employment of local residents are identified as the key determinants of success in social sustainability, while specific attempts to create brands congruent with local culture are also important. Undifferentiated policies, while useful to the business expansion of small tourism enterprises, are less successful in generating local social sustainability.     

Aggravated fragmentation: A case study of SME behaviour in two emerging heritage tourism regions

This paper investigates the behaviour of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) within the heritage tourism supply chain (HTSC), in two emerging heritage regions. SMEs are conceptualised as implementers, working within the constraints of government level tourism structures and the heritage tourism supply chain. The research employs a case study approach, focusing on two emerging regions in Northern Ireland. In-depth interviews were carried out with small business owners and community associations operating within the regions. The research identifies SME dissatisfaction with the supply chain and the processes in place for the delivery of the tourism product. To overcome the perceived inadequacies of the heritage tourism supply chain SMEs engage in entrepreneurial behaviour by attempting to deliver specific products and services to meet the need of tourists. The challenge for tourism organisations is how they can integrate the entrepreneurial, innovative activities of SMEs into the heritage tourism system.     

Examining tourism SME owners’ place attachment,support for community and business performance: the role of the enlightened self-interest model

This research examines how support for the local community by small tourism businesses influences their enterprise performance, and the extent to which the owners’ place attachment influences the level of support that they provide to the community. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were used to analyse the responses from the owners of 298 small and medium tourism enterprises (SMTEs) operating in regional South Australia. Results of the analysis provide support for the validity of a structural model. The place attachment of tourism business owners has a significant positive effect on their support for the community which in turn has a significant positive effect on enterprise performance. The robustness of the structural model was tested through a series of invariance (equality) tests. Results demonstrate that the causal relationships among place attachment, support for community and enterprise performance hold true (are invariant) irrespective of the gender of the business owner, the size of the business, and/or the length of time the business has been operating. These findings have implications for research scholars in developing more robust tests of model relationships between and across groups, and for tourism policymakers aiming to support the sustainable development of regional tourism destinations.     

Networks,Conflict and Collaborative Communities

This paper develops critical understandings of the theoretical and practical implications of local tourism policy networks on collaborative planning. Application of the network concept in tourism has increased in recent years but has largely been focused on the competitive advantages of network organisation for small and medium size tourism enterprises. Critical discussion and development of the theoretical and operational dimensions of networks as a management approach beyond economic development has been limited. It is argued that network theory provides a useful lens for understanding the structures and social interrelations between government, tourism producers and civil society and, as such, has the potential to inform collaborative destination management policy and practice. This paper examines the contributions that networks can make in understanding collaborative planning, and how this knowledge may be able to improve collaborative planning practice.     

平遥古城旅游企业竞合关系研究

平遥古城是世界文化遗产旅游地，旅游企业的个体经营行为和彼此之间的竞争合作关系都会对古城旅游发展和遗产保护带来重要的影响。通过抽样问卷调查和数据处理，从古城内旅游企业竞争对手、竞争关系及竞争方式等方面分析了旅游企业的竞争状况；从旅游企业的合作特点和方式等方面分析了企业间的合作关系，认为平遥古城的旅游企业的竞合关系特点已具备了产业集群的特征，通过企业间合作性竞争，世界文化遗产的“公地悲剧”可以避免。     

旅游区三重旅游环境系统及其优化调控--以西安为例

以西安为例,提出了旅游区三重旅游环境系统的概念,即旅游区的大旅游环境系统应该是由三个圈层组成的同心圆结构,其一是旅游区的宏观环境子系统,其二是城市综合环境子系统,其三是旅游景区(点)环境子系统,总称为三重旅游环境系统.着重分析了各环境子系统存在的问题、原因及相互关系,据此提出了基本对策并建立了促使系统良性运行的优化调控模式.     

Business models for active outdoor sport event tourism experiences

This paper aims to propose business models for different outdoor sport tourism experiences, based on insights from active sport event participants and sport event organisers. The proposed business models are integrated into a single framework suitable for future usage by academics and practitioners. To design the business models, empirical examination was conducted in three phases, followed by the integration and interpretation of the results. Results imply that active outdoor sport event tourists are not homogenous regarding their motivations and that ‘Moderate recreationists’, ‘Nature lovers’ and ‘Enthusiasts’ differ in terms of their preferences for distinct business model elements. Event organisers have identified several other business model elements as being important. The proposed framework, as an integration of the results gathered from the perspectives of active outdoor sport event participants and event organisers, provides a better understanding of the business model concept in general and sport event tourism in particular.     

旅游意象图:基于游客感知的旅游景区规划新设想

受启发于"城市意象"理念和图论学说,文章从游客感知出发,提出"旅游意象图"的旅游景区规划设想,认为旅游意象的基本要素包括旅游道路、旅游节点、旅游边界、旅游标识和旅游区域5个方面,旅游意象图的构建过程可分解为旅游意象点→旅游意象线→旅游意象链→旅游意象面→旅游意象图5个基本步骤,指出可从资源类旅游意象、产品类旅游意象、市场类旅游意象3个层面确定具体的旅游意象,并分析了旅游意象调研的4大基本方法:传统问卷调查、绘制心智地图、旅游意象游戏法和旅游意象访谈法。     

Customer relationship management in small–medium enterprises: The case of Turkish tourism industry

In this study, the factors influencing the implementation of customer relationship management (CRM) at small and medium-sized tourism enterprises in Cappadocia were analyzed. The findings of the research indicate that communication-distribution infrastructure, business dynamics, customer relations and innovation-quality factors affect CRM. Business dynamics plays an especially critical role in customer relations. It was also determined that the most important barriers to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the tourism sector are inadequate supporting budgets, lack of senior management commitment to CRM and poor communication.