依靠法制和科学规范渔具许可制度——以底扒网、帆张网为例

本文针对江、浙两省渔业管理条例有关禁用渔具条款,以底扒网和帆张网为例,从法律和技术两个层面进行剖析,阐明作者观点:①法律体系层面,两渔具不应在《渔业法》规定"禁用渔具"类别内,两省渔业管理条例分别定性其为禁用渔具,不符合"下位法不得与上位法相低触"之立法原则;技术的自然属性层面,两渔具体现了客观的自然属性与人的主观能动性的综合,不失具独特的先进性。②相关禁用渔具法律条款之法律绩效无法实现的症结在管理层面,因此工作着力点应放在强化管理上。③建议对两省渔业管理条例中的有关禁用渔具条款启动"法律修改"程序,并同步实施与解禁渔具相配套的制度与体系构建,即根据幼鱼资源发生和时空分布等客观规律,积极引导捕捞生产,努力寻求利用资源与保护幼鱼之间的平衡。④基于配套法规之科技支撑体系难以短期解决现状,与解禁渔具配套法律体系只能分步构建和逐步完善,可先依据《渔业法》第三十条赋予权限,依法针对资源敏感区、幼鱼高发期实施探索性的临时禁渔规定,并可同时出台最小网目尺寸、幼鱼比例抽检等辅助性渔政管理规定等。     

U.S. Canned Tuna Supply and Demand

Abstract

A 3SLS econometric model is used to estimate price elasticities of supply and demand for domestically produced and imported canned tuna in the U.S. market. In addition, a VAR model is developed to examine the relations between imports and domestically produced canned tuna. For domestically produced canned tuna, a 3SLS estimation of a structural econometric model yielded a coefficient for price elasticity of supply of 0.2 and of own-price demand of ?0.3. Such price inelasticities are expected of a fishery exploited at or near its maximum yields (inelastic supply), and a consumer product widely viewed as almost a necessity in a well-stocked pantry (inelastic demand). In addition, the model yielded a cross-price elasticity of demand with respect to the price of imported canned tuna of 0.45. Additional results include an income elasticity U.S. demand for domestically packed tuna of 0.83; a cross-price elasticity with the price of bread (a complement) of ?0.33, a cross-price elasticity for the price of ground meat (a substitute) of 0.30. With respect to imported canned tuna in the U.S. market, the corresponding elasticities estimated in the model are ?1.3 (own-price demand), 3.5 (income elasticity), ?1.2 (cross-price with the price of bread) and 2.5 (cross-price with the price of ground meat).

For canned tuna company managers, the results provide useful information about the likely effects on sales that would come from their own price changes, from changes in the price of imported canned tuna, and from price changes in the markets for complementary and substitute products. They can also use our results in discussions with U.S. trade negotiators, who are frequently faced with disputes over tariffs, market access, and other trade issues.     

Investment and Productivity in Canadian and U.S. Food Manufacturing

A restricted cost function model of Canadian and US. food manufacturing shows that productivity growth rates in Canada have remained well below those in the United States for the past decade and a half_: At mean factor prices, output, and capital quantities, processing costs would be 22% lower in the U.S. than in Canada. Technical change in both countries has been labor-saving and material-using, although slightly more so in the US. than in Canada. The labor-saving bias of technical improvements puts Canada at a disadvantage to its southern neighbor, since food manufacturing wages in Canada tend to be lower and material prices higher than in the United States. Enhancing its competitiveness will require that Canada reduce raw food and packaging costs or invest more in research and development .
L'estimation d'une function constraint de coût démontre que le taux de productivité du secteur de la transformation des aliments et boissons au Canada est demeuré inférieur à celui des Etats-Unis depuis une quinzaine d'années. En effet, à la moyenne du prix des intrants, du stock de capital et de la quantité produite, le coût de production américain est de 22 % inférieur à celui du Canada. Dans les deux pays, le changement technologique a permis de substituer le matériel à la main-d'oeuvre, et ceci de façon plus prononcée aux Etats-Unis. En bout de ligne, ceci désavantage le secteur canadien des aliments et boissons puisque les salaires sont généralement inférieurs au Canada alors que le matériet est plus coûteux. Le Canada pourrait améliorer sa compétitivité face aux Etats-Unis en réduisant le prix des denrées et des entrées intermédiaires ou en augmentant l'investissement dans la recherche et le développement .     

美国农地保护方法及其借鉴

研究目的：探讨美国农地保护方法及其对中国的借鉴。研究方法：逻辑分析，对比分析。研究结果：中国现行农地保护政策存在不足。美国农地保护的启示：（1）农地保护目标应包括保证粮食安全、农业产业发展、环境、城乡土地的合理利用，实现数量、质量、生态的综合保护；（2）发挥中央政府、地方政府、农地保护组织和农民的主体作用，促进农地的保护和保持；（3）完善法规调控体系，改革政府参与方式，减少土地套利，完善市场配套设施、引入市场激励机制，根据地区资源和经济发展情况实行差异化方法。研究结论：美国农地保护目标、管理体系及具体方法等对中国有借鉴作用。