美国奥巴马政府对外贸易政策的特点及我国对策研究

随着金融危机的爆发,美国面临失业率上升、高额贸易逆差、财政赤字加大等一系列问题,奥巴马政府相继出台了一系列政策以缓解金融危机造成的不利影响,这些政策呈现重视环境与劳工标准、促进就业、贸易保护主义抬头等特点。针对美国对华政策的新变化,我国应主动防范并规避贸易壁垒,深化实施市场多元化战略,加强对外贸易政策的协调性和灵活性,提高应对外部危机的能力。     

Malaysian Trade Policy and the 2001 WTO Trade Policy Review

The purpose of this paper is two–fold; to examine developments in trade and investment policy regimes in Malaysia following the on–set of the financial crisis, using the Trade Policy Review Malaysia: 2001 of the WTO as a reference point; and to evaluate the Review in terms of the objectives of the WTO Trade Policy Review Mechanism as set out in the Marrakesh Agreement. It is found that, by and large Malaysia has managed to come out of the crisis without compromising on its long–standing commitment to maintaining a relatively open trade and investment policy regime by the regional standards. However, there are some disturbing post–crisis developments, which deserve scrutiny in a future Review. These include increase in the degree of dispersion of tariff rates because of high tariff peaks relating to a few product lines, increased reliance on non–automatic import licensing to regulate imports of a significant number of products which directly compete with domestic production by public sector enterprises, and unexplained delays in meeting commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)     

日本贸易发展变化及新政策下贸易发展趋势

战后日本经济的快速发展离不开日本贸易的发展,战后日本把"贸易立国"作为"不变国策"。然而2012年末安倍再次担任首相,并于2013年制定了安倍经济政策,其政策的实施在短期内对日本经济起到了复苏的效果,但对日本贸易并未起到拉动作用,2013年日本贸易额下降,贸易逆差继续加大。今后日本贸易的发展将通过扩大对外开放、增大技术创新投入、加快区域合作等方式实现。     

WTO贸易救济措施与战略性贸易政策

战略性贸易政策主要是通过征收关税、提供出口补贴和数量限制等措施来扶持本国的产业,提高竞争优势,在市场上占领更大的市场份额。WTO是当今世界多边贸易体制的组织和法律基础。GATT经历了八轮贸易谈判后,关税大幅度降低,一些补贴也不允许使用,这对成员方战略性贸易政策措施的使用起到了限制作用。与此同时,WTO的反倾销、反补贴和保障措施等贸易救济措施目前却成为了一些国家实施战略性贸易政策的新工具。本文阐述了WTO贸易救济措施的相关规定对战略性贸易政策的常用工具关税、补贴和数量限制行使的影响及我国应采取的对策。     

美国对外贸易及其政策的变化

美国虽然不是一个外向型经济的国家,但鉴于它的进出口贸易在国际贸易总额中所占的份额和在美国经济中日益重要的作用,美国的对外贸易政策自二战以来就开始具有世界性的影响。美国的对外贸易政策也因此长期受到各方的关注。从大范围来看,在立国200多年的历史中,美国的对外贸易政策大致经历过三个阶段的变化。     

世贸组织降低贸易政策不确定性

适逢世贸组织问世二十周年和多哈回合成败的关键时刻,世界贸易组织发表了一份署名为《贸易政策不确定性和世界贸易组织》的研究报告。报告向世界展示了世贸组织为克服贸易政策不确定性做出了积极贡献。报告借用独立研究专家的分析模型得出两个重要结论,一是成员对世贸的承诺大大降低了提升关税的几率,即便约束税率高于现行最惠国税率;二是通过世贸监督机制降低了贸易政策的不确定性。2008年金融危机爆发并引发全球经济危机,贸易保护主义压力攀升,很多学者和商界人士都担心会重演上世纪三十年代的大规模贸易战。不过,2014年世贸组织对G20     

Carbon,Trade Policy and Carbon Free Trade Areas

This paper discusses both the potential contribution that trade policy initiatives can make towards the achievement of significant global carbon emissions reduction and the potential impacts of proposals now circulating for carbon reduction motivated geographical trade arrangements, including carbon‐free trade areas. We first suggest that trade policy is likely to be a relatively minor consideration in climate change containment. The dominant influence on carbon emissions globally for the next several decades will be growth more than trade and its composition, and in turn, the size of trade seemingly matters more than its composition given differences in emission intensity between tradables and non‐tradables. We then note that differences in emissions intensity across countries are larger than across products or sectors and so issues of country discrimination in trade policy (and violations of MFN) arise. We next discuss both unilateral and regional carbon motivated trade policy arrangements, including three potential variants of carbon emission reduction based free trade area arrangements. One is regional trade agreements with varying types of trade preferences towards low carbon‐intensive products, low carbon new technologies and inputs to low carbon processes. A second is the use of joint border measures against third parties to counteract anti‐competitive effects from groups of countries taking on deeper emission reduction commitments. A third is third‐country trade barriers along with free trade or other regional trade agreements as penalty mechanisms to pressure other countries to join emission‐reducing environmental agreements. We differentiate among the objectives, forms and possible impacts of each variant. We also speculate as to how the world trading system may evolve in the next few decades as trade policy potentially becomes increasingly dominated by environmental concerns. We suggest that the future evolution of the trading system will likely be with environmentally motivated arrangements acting as an overlay on prevailing trade and financial arrangements in the WTO and IMF, and eventually movement to linked global trade and environmental policy bargaining.     

我国幼稚产业发展政策与贸易政策的协调研究

产业政策传统上被认为是一国内部的宏观经济管理政策,但是在世贸组织框架下产业政策已经受到世贸组织多边贸易政策体系的严格约束。我国汽车产业政策案的发生使我国对幼稚产业的促进政策不得不面临诸如世贸组织基本原则及例外、TRIMs协定等诸多方面的检验。以汽车产业为例,我国幼稚产业的发展政策必须考虑贸易政策的协调作用,必须研究和灵活运用世贸组织规则。     

内外贸一体化中的对外贸易政策调整

由美国次级贷款问题引发的愈演愈烈的全球金融危机,将使中国经济发展面临国际市场需求紧缩和国内需求市场疲软的双重压力。从中长期来看,积极推进内外贸一体化发展,是缓解内外压力,保持经济持续较快发展的重要途径之一。为此,必须深入研究内外贸一体化的客观经济机制,促进国内外贸易政策的协调。     

Trade Policy and Global Corporate Strategy

This article is an investigation of the linkages between the international trade and investment strategies of firms faced with global competition and the structure of protectionism. The first section briefly reviews the problems faced by businesses competing in a global environment characterized by triad power. It also provides a new framework which describes the various strategic alternatives available to firms when dealing with government trade policy. In the second and third sections, this theoretical framework is applied to explain a new global trading phenomenon: the recent escalation os U.S. "administered" protection. It is demonstrated how such protection can severely affect the environment for corporations when used as a strategic weapon by U.S. firms against foreign rivals. The fourth section assesses the response of Canadian firms faced with the issue of U.S. administered protection. It demonstrates how they have been able to influence government policy in order to diminish the impact of U.S. protectionism. This section also addresses the question of why certain Canadian firms oppose trade liberalization between the United States and Canada, in spite of administered protection, and how they have been able to influence the Canadian government in order to maintain "artificial" competitive advantages.     

Strategic Trade Policy and Network Compatibility

We consider strategic trade policy for information and communication technology (ICT) product markets with international rivalry. Usually, ICT products exhibit network externalities and product compatibility (i.e., network compatibility). We demonstrate that the optimal strategic trade policy depends on the degree of network compatibility of ICT products. Furthermore, using an endogenous decision game for strategic variables (i.e., quantity and price), we consider the relationship between the optimal strategic trade policies and the endogenous mode of competition.     

智利贸易政策审议:开放的贸易政策促进了经济发展与减贫

2009年10月7—9日,WTO对智利贸易政策与实践进行了审议。此次审议是WTO贸易政策审议机构对智利贸易政策的第4次审议。