国际贸易中双边贸易成本的测度研究——基于改进的引力模型

本文运用改进的引力模型,测度1992-2007年间中国与28国的双边贸易成本变化.结果表明,中国贸易成本呈现下降趋势,中国与发达国家的双边贸易成本低于发展中国家;汇率的变化带来了贸易成本的上升,贸易成本对地理距离的弹性呈逐渐减少趋势,历史联系紧密的贸易双方信息成本等相对较低.由于中国与主要贸易伙伴国的双边贸易成本呈不断下降趋势,并且还有继续下降的空间,本文的主要政策含义在于,中国应继续挖掘贸易成本下降的途径,以继续提高出口竞争力.     

中国与“一带一路”主要国家贸易成本的测度与影响因素研究

在新时期我国提出"一带一路"战略的背景下,本文以Novy(2011)的模型为基础,计算1994-2013年"一带一路"主要国家与中国的双边贸易成本,并对影响双边贸易成本的诸多因素进行面板回归分析。结果表明:中国与"一带一路"14国的双边贸易成本在二十年来总体呈下降趋势,下降幅度最大的前五名国家包括伊朗、哈萨克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、俄罗斯和沙特阿拉伯,进一步分析发现贸易伙伴的铁路密度、电话线路密度以及互联网使用情况等基础设施情况与双边贸易成本负相关,三者中铁路密度的影响系数最大;贸易伙伴与中国的实际GDP差额、两国地理距离与贸易成本正相关,而贸易伙伴的贸易开放度、贸易互补性与贸易成本负相关。     

双边服务贸易成本测度及服务贸易增长分解——来自中国与21个OECD国家的面板数据分析

借鉴贸易成本的测算方法,运用最新数据库对中国与OECD国家2000～2016年双边服务贸易成本进行测度,结果显示:中国服务贸易成本基本呈下降趋势,尤其是2007年之前下降趋势较明显,得益于《中国服务贸易具体承诺减让表》中市场准入承诺多以6年为限;2007年之后由于减让承诺边际效应的递减和金融危机导致了服务贸易成本小幅上升。对各贸易伙伴国的分组研究发现:距离越远、收入越低的国家与中国的服务贸易成本越高,替代弹性的差异对双边服务贸易成本的变化趋势没有影响。根据模型进行分解的结果表明,产出因素和贸易成本因素是中国与OECD国家双边服务贸易的主要推助力。为降低服务贸易成本,中国应加大对新兴服务业的投资力度,构建跨境服务产业链。     

湖南省贸易成本测度及其影响因素研究-基于1997-2011年面板数据的实证分析

本文运用Novy改进的引力模型,对湖南省与十个贸易伙伴国和地区1997-2011年的贸易成本进行了测度,并通过构建贸易成本分解模型,对湖南省对外贸易成本影响因素进行了实证分析。分析结果表明：除香港地区之外,历年湖南省的对外贸易成本均呈下降趋势,且在2001年中国加入WTO之后下降趋势更加明显;通过系数比较显示湖南与亚洲国家或地区的贸易成本比欧美国家的贸易成本普遍要低;地理距离的缩短、关税水平的降低以及贸易双边经济发展水平差距的加大均有利于湖南省贸易成本的降低,且地理距离对湖南贸易成本的影响程度较关税水平和经济发展水平要大。     

中国加总贸易成本的测算及对制造业出口结构的影响

在测度中国与86个贸易伙伴2000-2013年双边贸易成本和加总贸易成本的基础上,本文立足中国垂直分工的实际,实证中国加总贸易成本对ISIC两位数分类制造业17个子行业的比较优势和出口份额的影响,并做三种稳健性检验以消除内生性偏离.结果表明:加总贸易成本呈现下降态势,但仍高出10年前发达国家的1/3,对部分国家的双边贸易成本不降反升;加总贸易成本是我国制造业产品“全球”和“局部”比较优势和出口份额的决定因素,对贸易成本密集度越高的行业,这种影响出口的效应越大.因此,应考虑贸易成本密集度及“国内附加值率”的产品结构,降低贸易成本以促进国内附加值率高的产品的出口,实现外贸发展方式的实质转变.     

大陆与台湾地区贸易成本的测度及影响因素分析——基于1995～2010年省际面板数据的实证研究

运用改进的引力模型,测度1995～2010年间大陆9省市与台湾的贸易成本,并在此基础上进行面板回归分析。结果表明,虽然近年来海峡两岸贸易成本总体呈现下降,但大陆不同省市与台湾贸易成本的绝对值以及下降幅度都存在着很大的差异。两岸经济规模的不断增长降低了贸易成本;两岸贸易成本对地理距离的弹性仍然很大;福建省与台湾的历史联系紧密度较高对该省与台湾的贸易成本影响已经不显著;台湾当局"戒急用忍"的经贸政策对两岸贸易的负面影响较大。研究的主要政策含义在于,海峡两岸可以继续挖掘贸易成本下降的途径促进两岸经济交流与合作以实现共同繁荣。     

基于贸易引力模型的FDI与省区双边贸易流量的实证分析

运用贸易引力模型分析FDI和各省市区国际贸易的关系,对2007年我国30个省市区和26个国家或地区的双边贸易面板数据进行实证研究,结果表明各省市区FDI与国际贸易之间存在互补关系,从三大经济区域来看,东部FDI对国际贸易的弹性最大,其次是中部地区,西部地区最小。基于资源禀赋差异的垂直贸易体制加剧了FDI投资于我国的趋势。各省市区的贸易模式取决于贸易双方的经济规模和地理距离。双边贸易流量的规模与各自的经济总量呈正比,双方的地理距离(运输成本)构成了两地之间贸易的阻力因素,地理位置成为阻碍中部和西部地区国际贸易发展的重要因素。     

中国林产品贸易成本测算及其影响因素研究

本文利用2000—2014年中国与20个林产品贸易伙伴国的双边贸易数据,运用Novy(2011)的模型测算中国林产品进出口贸易成本,并采用改进型引力模型分析影响林产品进出口贸易成本的主要因素。结果表明:当前中国主要林产品进出口贸易成本总体呈现逐年上升趋势,在原木、锯材、人造板、纸浆及纸和纸板进出口贸易成本上,成本年均增长率最高的贸易伙伴国分别为意大利、巴布亚新几内亚、德国、英国和德国;主要林产品进出口贸易成本上涨反映出中国林产品进出口企业目前利润空间在压缩,但部分国家的贸易成本下降也为相关林业企业提供了一定的市场选择空间;在影响中国主要林产品进出口贸易成本的因素中,双边人均GDP差值和人口规模是导致林产品进出口贸易成本上涨的重要因素;距离因素导致锯材、人造板、纸浆进出口贸易成本上涨;伙伴国贸易开放程度促进原木和锯材进出口贸易成本提升;共同边界和签订双边自由贸易协定分别降低了纸和纸板以及原木进出口贸易成本。     

中日-中韩双边贸易现状及贸易潜力比较研究

随着中日韩区域经贸合作加强,三国组建自贸区势在必行。在分析中国与日韩双边贸易结合度的基础上,基于2005年-2014年中国与25个主要贸易伙伴国的贸易数据,结合引力模型对影响中日、中韩贸易流量的影响因素和贸易潜力进行比较研究。实证结果表明:人均GDP、区域贸易组织促进双边贸易,两国间距离、经济危机阻碍双边贸易;中日比中韩拥有更小的贸易潜力,对发掘我国贸易潜力发展的方向,推进三国贸易合作有实际意义。     

“一带一路”背景下中国与土库曼斯坦贸易潜力研究

利用1992年～2015年中国与土库曼斯坦贸易流量的时间序列数据,测算两国贸易依存度并构建引力模型,同时对中土贸易发展现状和双边贸易潜力影响因素进行分析并测算双边贸易潜力值.结果表明,研究样本期间,中土贸易规模迅速扩大,双边贸易依赖程度总体呈上升趋势;影响双边贸易潜力的主要因素是经济发展水平、交通运输成本、关税水平和资源禀赋等;中土贸易潜力值波动明显,贸易潜力较大.     

The Determinants of EU Processing Trade

This paper assesses the determinants of European outward and inward processing trade. Thereby, it distinguishes between size, relative factor endowment, (other) cost factors and infrastructure variables. Using a large panel of bilateral processing trade flows of the EU12 countries at the aggregate level over the period 1988–1999, we find that infrastructure variables, relative factor endowments and other cost variables are important determinants for the EU's outward processing trade. Costs also play a key role for the EU's inward processing trade.     

Determinants of Bilateral Trade Protection

In this paper, determinants of bilateral protection levels are empirically identified when controlling for multilateral trade regulation and importing‐country‐specific factors. Strong empirical support is provided of that three bilateral factors are influencing the bilateral protection level. Specifically, a country's protection level on goods from a trade partner is positively affected by the domestic import penetration of goods produced by the trade partner, negatively influenced by the intra‐industry traded share of these imports and positively affected by the trade partner's protection level on domestic goods. Moreover, very high explanatory values are provided in the cross‐section estimations, indicating that these determinants, policy regulations and importer‐specific factors jointly explain almost all of the variation in bilateral protection levels. The results are general in the sense that estimations are performed for a large sample of bilateral trade relations including 22 trade partners that are highly differentiated in terms of country characteristics. The overall results indicate that, to the extent that policy makers can affect bilateral protection levels under multilateral trade regulation, they act on political‐economy rather than economic goals.     

我国单位物流成本对国际贸易的影响——基于贸易引力模型的实证分析

用单位货物周转费用代表单位物流成本,考察物流对贸易的影响,引入贸易引力模型并对其进行合理的改进。并提出模型的理论假设。通过回归分析和因果关系检验,可以得到的结论是：单位货物周转费降低对国际贸易具有明显的促进作用,证明了中国与世界上其他国家的双边货物贸易额与双方的人均收入成正比,与单位货物周转费用成反比。既验证了传统贸易引力模型的正确性。也肯定了对贸易引力模型说进行的改进。     

中国—非洲农产品贸易的决定因素与潜力——基于引力模型的实证研究

中国与非洲农业在资源、市场和技术方面具有很强的互补性,经过50年的发展,中非农业合作取得了很大的成绩,双方农产品贸易发展迅速,而且具有很大的潜力。文章系统分析了影响中非农产品贸易的主要因素,运用引力模型验证了距离、人口、经济规模以及政策等因素对双边农产品贸易的不同影响,指出中国与非洲农产品贸易符合林德定理,双方需求与产品越相似,则潜在的贸易量越大,并基于引力模型估计了双方农产品贸易的潜力和合作重点。     

Declining Distance Effects in International Trade: Some Country‐Level Evidence

Technical progress can be expected to reduce transport costs over time, yet most studies of bilateral trade based on the gravity model find distance effects to be increasing rather than decreasing. We investigate countries' openness to international trade (the ratio of exports plus imports to GDP). We find that trade decreases with geographical remoteness, land area and lack of access to the sea, all of which are likely to be correlated with transport costs. In contrast to the results obtained with log‐linear models of bilateral trade, distance effects (remoteness and land area) have declined over time. Trade decreases with population density and increases with improvements in the terms of trade, investment and a more liberal trade policy.     

The Impact of Bilateral Free Trade Agreements on Bilateral Foreign Direct Investment among Developed Countries

Previous studies find that a trade treaty positively impacts foreign direct investment (FDI). But does a trade treaty always have positive effects on FDI? What is the effect of bilateral free trade agreement (FTA) on bilateral FDI among developed countries? Based on the Knowledge‐Capital model, I hypothesize that bilateral FTA has negative effects on bilateral FDI in developed–developed country pairs, but positive effects in developed–developing country pairs. To test this hypothesis empirically, I conduct the within estimator, the Difference‐in‐Difference estimator and the Arellano–Bond estimator with panel data of bilateral FTA and outward FDI in 30 OECD countries and 32 non‐OECD countries between 1982 and 2005. The result supports the hypothesis. The existence of bilateral FTA decreases bilateral FDI in the OECD–OECD country pairs but increases bilateral outward FDI in the OECD–non‐OECD country pairs. The finding of negative effects of bilateral FTA on FDI is robust to different country classifications by gross national income (GNI) per capita and secondary school enrolment. Hence, the results are consistent with what Carr et al. (2001) predicts about the effects of trade cost on FDI in developed–developed country pairs and in developed–developing country pairs.     

Distance,Transaction Costs,and Preferences in European Trade

Beckerman (1956) and Linder (1961) have suggested that international trade is not determined by supply-side factors alone—perceptions about foreign countries and country preferences matter. We explore the relation between exports, cultural distance, and country preferences in Europe. The results show that several distance and preference-related variables, based on Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, income gaps, and voting patterns in the Eurovision Song Contest, are significantly related to bilateral trade. We conclude that cultural distance and preferences influence trade through several channels, both indirectly through transaction costs and more directly, as countries seem to prefer some trade partners before others.     

Trade and income convergence: Sorting out the causality

This paper studies the linkage between international trade and income convergence across countries. Different theories offer conflicting predictions regarding how they might affect each other. In the existing empirical literature estimating the trade impact on income convergence, a long-lasting problem is the reverse causality from income convergence to trade. This paper provides a disaggregated bilateral trade data analysis to solve this problem. The results show that the reverse causality from income convergence to trade exists in differentiated product sectors, but not in homogeneous product sectors. Trade in homogeneous sectors reduces the income gaps among trade partners, but it is not significantly affected by their income difference. Therefore, the negative effect of trade in homogeneous sectors on the income gap is free from the reverse causality problem. It can be taken as a pure evidence of trade-induced income convergence. This result is robust to various econometric methods.     

中国—欧盟贸易条件研究

在中欧经贸关系高速发展的背景下,对中国-欧盟贸易条件的研究相对缺乏。本文运用较详尽的贸易数据计算得出中国-欧盟双边商品贸易的贸易条件,得出1992-2003年间中国-欧盟价格贸易条件恶化但收入贸易条件改善的结论。并通过进一步实证分析,得出其影响因素为:中国经济增长、欧盟经济增长、中国对欧盟出口商品结构和在华的外商投资。     

Trade Misinvoicing: The Dark Side of World Trade

We analyse the determinants of trade misinvoicing using data on 86 countries from 1980 to 2005. In a simple microeconomic framework, we derive the determinants of four different types of trade misinvoicing taking into account that only the financial incentives determine whether and how much exports/imports to underinvoice or overinvoice, whereas the deterrents only affect the extent of misinvoicing. The hypothesised determinants are tested using data on discrepancies in bilateral trade with the United States. We find that the black market premia and tariffs motivate illegal trading activities. Higher financial penalties effectively act as a deterrent to this crime.