集聚密度与城市全要素生产率差异——来自中国地级城市面板数据的证据

考虑集聚外部性对城市经济增长的影响,本文对我国285个地级市及以上城市1990～2008年间的城市全要素生产率进行测算和分解。生产过程中的技术进步、技术效率提高是我国城市生产率提高的主要因素,而与集聚外部性紧密相关的要素配置效率和规模效率仍是制约生产率增长的主要原因。城市经济密度对城市经济增长存在两种不同的影响途径:制造业在市辖区内的空间集聚体现为"拥挤"效应;人口空间密度则对地方产出的影响存在倒U型特征。人口因素仍然是我国城市经济增长的重要驱动因素,人口与制造业的空间"共聚"现象对城市产出有着显著为正的影响。     

产业集聚、市场潜能与地区工资差距

本文利用中国2003-2012年285个地级及以上城市的统计数据,运用空间计量模型分析了产业集聚、市场潜能对地区工资水平影响的空间溢出效应.研究结果表明,制造业集聚对地区工资水平为显著负向影响;生产性服务业集聚和市场潜能有利于地区工资水平的提升;随着地理距离的增加,市场潜能对地区工资工资水平的影响效应呈正“N”型波动;从产业集聚的外部性效应来看,MAR外部性和Porter外部性对地区工资水平为显著负向影响,Jacobs外部性有利于地区工资水平的提升,这意味着制造业集聚带来的负向影响主要由MAR外部性和Porter外部性主导.     

外资进入、服务业集聚与企业工资差距——基于调节机制和微观企业数据的实证研究

在重新测度外资进入和服务业集聚指标基础上,本文利用2008年第二次全国经济普查服务业企业数据与相关城市变量,深入考察了服务业集聚对外资进入影响不同地区、不同行业服务业工资差距的调节机制。研究结果表明:外资进入和服务业集聚水平的提升总体上有利于缩小企业工资差距,通过调节变量回归分析也证实了二者的调节机制同样会缩小工资差距,且服务业集聚会调节外资进入的负向工资溢出效应;无论是高EG地区还是低EG地区,外资进入和服务业集聚对工资差距均呈现负效应,且其对缩小低EG地区工资差距的调节效应比高EG地区更为明显;生产性服务业和公共性服务业的外资进入与集聚对工资差距的影响与上述结果一致,其对缩小公共性服务业工资差距的调节效应明显强于生产性服务业,但对消费性服务业的影响并不显著。     

城市服务业动态外部性及其空间效应

采用中国地级以上城市数据,通过空间计量分析方法,本文在空间结构设定中充分考虑距离、城市规模等级及城市间规模对比关系而产生的空间相互作用,验证了动态外部性及其城市空间关系对中国城市服务业产生的聚集效应。研究发现,服务业的聚集效应主要由多样化来实现;在落后城市追赶发达城市过程中,现代服务业所起的作用比传统服务业更大;现代服务业对邻近城市有较大影响,且随着规模扩大和中心城市地位的增强,以乘数效应的方式进行传递。该结论意味着,发展现代服务业是实现区域城市化和同城化的重要选择。     

总部经济对城市化协调发展的影响分析

我国城市化发展过程中出现了城市间不协调的现象,如贫富差距、两极分化等.全球经济发展过程中出现了总部经济,能肯定的是总部经济能促进生产要素的快速集聚,从而推进城市化的同时,同时总部经济也对城市化的协调发展产生了巨大的负面影响.通过分析概括总部经济对城市化协调发展的正负影响,进而提出相应的公共政策选择予以解决.     

贵州省城乡居民收入差距影响因素实证分析

本文选取影响贵州省城乡居民收入差距的五个因素经济增长、工业化、城市化、财政支出结构、金融发展进行分析,利用1979-2007年的经济数据运用逐步回归法和广义差分法对影响贵州省城乡收入差距的因素进行实证分析。研究表明:贵州工业化、城市化和财政支出结构对贵州城乡居民收入差距的影响不显著,贵州金融发展和经济增长对贵州城乡居民收入差距影响显著,均存在正相关。     

基于集聚经济与城市发展视角的特色小镇研究

随着我国城市化进程的加速,集聚经济给城市发展带来了多层面的影响。本文从几个方面对现有的相关文献进行了梳理:首先梳理了集聚经济的理论渊源;其次梳理了城市发展与集聚经济的相关研究;再次分析了生产性服务业集聚与城市发展的相关研究;最后研究结论及在特色小镇建设中的对策建议。     

经济腹地与中心城市金融集聚的影响关系分析

从经济腹地的视角对我国中心城市金融产业的集聚程度进行实证分析。研究发现,我国大部分中心城市的金融产业集聚程度呈现不断加强的趋势,中心城市的极化效应仍在不断加强,经济腹地的市场潜力以及交通、互联网可达度对中心城市的金融集聚形成显著的促进作用。     

我国国际消费中心城市发展水平测度及动态演进

国际消费中心城市是消费的高级形态载体。从国际知名度、消费繁荣度、商业活跃度、到达便利度和消费满意度五个维度构建我国国际消费中心城市发展评价指标体系，借助熵权TOPSIS法对其发展水平进行测度，运用核密度估计、收敛性分析、修正的引力模型以及社会网络分析方法，以北京、天津、上海、重庆、广州等25个具有竞争力的城市为样本，剖析我国国际消费中心城市发展的动态演进特征。研究发现，2017—2022年我国国际消费中心城市发展水平逐年上升但处于低水平发展阶段，城市间发展差距大且呈现出梯队层级分布态势；从各维度看，国际知名度、消费繁荣度、商业活跃度和消费满意度四个维度发展水平表现为上升趋势，消费繁荣度涨幅最大，到达便利度发展水平较低；国际消费中心城市间发展的绝对差距较大，但城市的追赶效应使得相对差距缩小；从空间格局看，城市初步形成了北部“北京+天津”集聚圈、南部“广州+深圳”集聚圈以及以上海为首的长江联系带的“两圈一带”总体空间网络格局，表现出“高者全局集聚、低者局部扩散”的集散效应特征，城市间有着“核心城市占据主导，边缘城市结构优化”的非均衡空间联系。因此，应立足城市比较优势、深入挖掘并梯次培育特色...     

金融服务业集聚的影响因素研究

本文采用2004至2014年我国东部、中部、西部各5个省的省会城市的面板数据,对影响我国金融服务业集聚的假设因素进行了分析。首先利用因子分析对金融集聚指数进行了度量,其次建立了金融集聚指数与经济基础、对外开放、政府参与经济活动程度之间关系的计量模型,结果发现金融服务业集聚程度与区域经济发展程度呈正相关,与政府参与经济活动负相关,而对外开放程度对金融服务业集聚影响并不明显。最后通过回归模型的分析结果提出了诸如东西部分区制定财政政策,实行区别性的金融与外贸鼓励政策,共享基础设施和金融专业人才,逐步解除金融业对外限制等政府应采取的政策。     

Trade‐related Job Loss,Wage Insurance and Externalities: An Ex Ante Efficiency Rationale for Wage Insurance

The extension of adjustment assistance to those who have suffered trade‐related job displacement is widely supported on both sides of the economics of globalisation debate. The form that such assistance should take, namely wage insurance, is also the subject of wide agreement. Nevertheless, the formal economic rationales offered for such a policy are varied, including political economy arguments, equity arguments and market failure/ex post efficiency arguments. This note proposes an ex ante efficiency‐based rationale for the provision of adjustment assistance in the specific form of wage insurance. Job displacement imposes pecuniary externalities on displaced workers, which, in a complete markets setting, induce only shifts along the ex ante Pareto‐efficient frontier. However, when markets are incomplete, pecuniary externalities become welfare‐relevant. Without the possibility of diversifying or hedging the risk of pecuniary external diseconomies of job displacement using contingent claims, welfare is reduced ex ante. Wage insurance – whether publicly underwritten, privately underwritten (as in Shiller's (2003 ) ‘livelihood insurance’), or supplied on a mixed public/private basis – completes the market for contingent claims, allowing workers to diversify or hedge the risk of trade‐related pecuniary external diseconomies. By facilitating risk sharing, wage insurance removes an impediment to ex ante Pareto efficiency. Moreover, wage insurance affects not only post‐displacement behaviour by increasing the incentive to reacquire employment quickly, but it also affects pre‐displacement consumption and investment behaviour, in particular, lowering the threshold at which workers will be willing to undertake irreversible investment in industry‐specific skills.     

长三角地区城市FDI区位决定动态研究——空间计量的视角

文章以长三角25个地级以上城市为样本,利用空间计量学方法对其1991-2008年的FD I区位决定进行实证分析。结果发现:近20年来长三角城市FD I区位决定因素及其作用发生了动态变化,一些传统因素如市场规模、城市化水平、产业发展、工资水平、与上海距离等影响不再显著或有弱化趋势,取而代之的是外资集聚经济和工资效率因素上升为主导地位,其作用不断增强,基础设施因素影响日趋重要。值得注意的是,邻域空间关联效应一直是影响长三角城市FD I区位分布的重要因素,城市吸引FD I不仅取决于自身区位条件,还受周边城市FD I聚集的影响。上述发现对于长三角各城市利用FD I和跨国公司投资都具有重要政策意义。     

Organizational sponsorship and the economics of place: How regional urbanization and localization shape incubator outcomes

Organizational sponsorship impacts new venture emergence and survival prospects by shaping the relationship between new ventures and their surrounding environment. While extant literature offers an explanation as to why heterogeneity in the effectiveness of sponsorship emerges based on the sponsor's characteristics, current theorizing largely overlooks how sponsorship interacts with local economic conditions. This study introduces insights from urban economics to extend organizational sponsorship theory by showing how different types of agglomeration economies affect the effectiveness of organizational sponsorship. We test our hypotheses with a comprehensive database that includes over 46,000 sponsored and non-sponsored firms in the years 1997–2007. Our results reveal organizational sponsorship delays new venture exit when urbanization levels are low, localization is low, and both urbanization and localization are high.Executive Summary.Organizational sponsorship (OS) is an institutional arrangement whereby private or public entities provide assistance to new firm ventures. Since young firms face low survival chances at birth, it is assumed that any assistance such firms receive is to their advantage. However, very little research supports this assumption (Clayton et al., 2018; Dutt et al., 2016). It is in this context that we examine the impact of OS in different regional environments. Specifically, we look at the interplay between business incubation, a ubiquitous form of OS, urbanization, the city-scale of the region in which the firm is founded, and localization, the presence of same-industry firms in the region, in determining new venture survival. By exploring this interaction, we identify how the efficacy of OS varies in differing environmental circumstances. Additionally, it provides a better understanding of the specific OS mechanisms that are most likely to promote new venture survival depending on regional characteristics.For the purposes of our study, we combine insights from OS and agglomeration literatures. Specifically, we look at the interplay between the bridging, buffering and curating functions of OS with the externalities that arise from urbanization and localization. We consider the regional characteristics that provide new ventures with positive agglomeration externalities of input sharing, quick and quality matching with resource providers, and knowledge spillovers. Similarly, we also consider regional characteristics that give rise to negative externalities of rising costs and congestion. Thus, we identify urbanization and localization scenarios in which new ventures are most in need of buffering from competition, in the form of financial aid and subsidies, and scenarios where new ventures need to be bridged or curated with non-monetary resources such as accountants, lawyers, or industry-specific suppliers and investors. That is, we identify founding environments in which OS functions are most valuable.We test our hypothesis on a population of US business incubators operating between 1997 and 2007. To study the impact of OS at different levels of urbanization and localization, we compare the probability of exit by incubated new ventures with that of a control group of non-incubated new ventures in the same county. We find that incubators are most effective in improving the survival of new ventures when both localization and urbanization in the founding environment are low or when both are high.By linking OS literature with agglomeration literature our study identifies the conditions under which OS is most effective and finds that it is most effective when mitigating the lows of resource-deprived environments or the highs of a hyper-competitive landscape. We also extend the theoretical link between these two streams of literature by identifying the critical role of the OS function of curating in a highly localized and urbanized environment.Our study sheds new light on why OS is often met with varying levels of success in promoting new venture survival. We see that specific regional characteristics determine the type of OS mechanisms that are most beneficial. Thus, for instance, simply mimicking successful incubators in one region may not lead to success for incubators in other regions. Furthermore, we see that OS is counterproductive in regions with low urbanization and high localization. Together, these findings suggest that policy-makers need to consider the specific constraints faced by entrepreneurs in different regions before they seek to promote entrepreneurship through OS. It also stresses the need for entrepreneurs to do due diligence prior to joining an incubator.     

中国城市规模效率的实证分析:1990-2001年

本文利用卡里诺模型和1990-2001年期间的时间序列数据和横截面数据分析全国222个城市的城市聚集经济以及城市规模效率,并分析东中西部地区不同城市规模的城市化经济程度差异.本文发现,目前中国城市规模效率不一样,尤其是传统工业大城市的城市化经济并不明显,而新兴工业城市的城市化经济较明显.本文还发现特大城市和超大城市的城市规模效率并不明显,而大中小城市的城市规模效率较明显.并且,东部地区小城市的城市规模效率较高,中部地区大城市的城市规模效率较高,西部地区特大城市的城市规模效率较高.     

农民工性别工资差距的分位数回归分析——基于浙江农民工调查的经验研究

本文利用浙江省农民工调查的微观数据,通过分位数回归和分位数分解的方法,研究了男性和女性农民工在整个工资分布上的差异及其影响因素。研究结果表明,随着收入水平的提高,农民工群体间的性别工资差异呈逐步扩大的趋势,但性别工资歧视程度在不断降低。在收入分布的低分位数上,歧视是造成农民工性别工资差距的主要原因;而在高分位数上,个人资源禀赋造成的差异则成为性别工资差距的主要来源。     

当前我国发行市政债券融资的策略选择及实施路径

当前我国农村城镇化和城市现代化的加速发展在短期内对城市基础设施建设提出了大量需求,在现有城市基础设施各种融资方式分别受到一定限制的情况下,发行市政收益债券是一种较好的选择。本文结合实际情况和市政收益债券的特点,提出优先在上海、天津等经济较发达并正在进行综合配套改革试点的城市进行试点,依托城市政府已有的投融资平台发行市政收益债券,并在试点基础上不断总结管理经验,发挥其示范效应,推动相关政策及法律法规的调整,尽早明确市政收益债券的合法主体地位,为城市基础设施建设探索一条可持续化、稳定的资金供给途径。     

Agglomeration, Relative Wage Costs and Foreign Direct Investment—Evidence from Swedish MNCs 1974–1998

This paper examines the relationship between agglomeration economies and relative wage costs in influencing location of multinational corporations. An inflow of firms to certain regions and industries is likely to increase demand for labor. If mobility of labor is low increased costs can be expected to deter additional inflows of firms, albeit agglomeration economies may compensate for higher wages. Despite its important policy implications this relationship has to our knowledge not been exposed to empirical testing. The empirical analysis finds that foreign direct investment has become increasingly sensitive to differences in wage cost across industrialized countries, but also that agglomeration economies related to knowledge externalities positively influences higher costs. The relative strength of these two forces impacts the spatial distribution of production.

京津冀城市群经济空间联系与空间结构

采用改进引力模型,量化分析京津冀城市群的整体空间网络结构以及13个城市间的空间经济联系。研究发现,京津冀城市群内部城市空间联系水平存在明显空间分异和不均衡特征,并逐渐呈现多中心发展趋势;该城市群整体网络联系由京津向周边城市逐渐衰减,且具有显著的圈层结构特征。整体网络联系紧密,各城市间吸收、传递功能显著增强,但更多依赖北京和天津的辐射带动作用,城市群内部城市联系强弱存在明显不均匀特征,具有一定梯度层级。基于分析结果提出了优化京津冀城市空间网络结构的相关建议。