Abuse of EU Emissions Trading for Tacit Collusion

In this paper, we show that loopholes in EU emissions trading law foster tacit collusion that impacts oligopolistic product markets. The abuses originate from the covert misuse of EU emissions trading institutions, such as pooling or project-based mechanisms. We analyse two types of these loopholes by means of game theoretical methods to show how oligopolistic firms establish output restrictions, even if those firms are price takers on the~permit market (which might actually be the case for the majority of obligated firms in the EU). The identified misuse of emissions trading law increases firms’ profits, decreases the consumers’ surplus and has negative effects on social welfare for specified parameter ranges. Consequently, public authorities should not allow emissions trading’s overall good reputation—based upon its efficient abatement of pollution—to blind them to options in European emissions trading legislation that would eventually restrict competition.      

排污权交易中的政府行为探析

排污权交易制度是基于市场的环境经济政策。中国排污权交易制度的发展实践始于20世纪80年代，主要是在部分省市以试点的形式进行。目前排污权交易在其基础、保障、运行等方面存在的问题，阻碍了其实践活动的开展。限制了其控污作用的发挥。而政府在这些方面发挥着不可替代的作用。明晰、规范并完善政府行为，才能为排污权交易的进行打牢基础，夯实保障，辅助运行，实现经济、环境协调发展。     

Assessing the performance of the UK Emissions Trading Scheme

The UK’s Climate Change Programme introduced an Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) for greenhouse gases. Firms in over 40 industrial sectors which have negotiated “Climate Change Agreements” setting quantitative energy efficiency targets can use the ETS to trade over-and under-compliance with these targets. In parallel, a limited number of firms have become major participants in the ETS as a result of an auction of subsidies for additional abatement commitments. The paper describes the UK arrangements and assesses the economic efficiency and environmental effectiveness of the ETS, drawing on evidence of participants’ behaviour both in the incentive auction, and in subsequent trading.     

Strategic Behavior,Private Information,and Decentralization in the European Union Emissions Trading System

In the European Union Emissions Trading System, the supply of carbon permits is determined in a decentralized manner by Member States. Alternatively, the supply could be determined by an EU central authority. We analyze whether decentralization leads to lower total abatement costs under various assumptions about the behavior of Member States and the privacy of information about their abatement costs. If Member States do not behave strategically, then decentralization is preferred, regardless of whether abatement costs are private information. If the Member States behave strategically, then decentralization may or may not be preferred, depending on the degree of uncertainty about abatement cost parameters, the variation in emission endowments, and the number of Member States.     

基于排放权交易的节能减排项目融资模式研究

融资问题一直是制约企业节能减排项目发展的关键因素,排放权交易的试点运作开启了基于排放权交易市场的节能减排融资模式的新篇章。利用节能减排项目的减排效果,能够构建一个基于排放权交易的节能减排项目融资模式,有效拓宽了节能减排项目的融资渠道。     

论排污权交易

排污权交易是一种采用经济手段进行环境保护的手段,越来越多地受到了国际及国内社会的重视。本文对排污权交易进行了系统地介绍,论述了排污权交易的含义、性质、目的、特征,并在此基础上论述了排污权交易法律关系的构成。最后,对我国的排污权交易制度建立的障碍进行了分析,提出了构建我国排污权交易制度的若干设想。     

战略行为视角的战略风险形成机理探析

战略的核心是建立企业与环境的匹配关系,而企业与环境的匹配不会自动产生,它是战略行为的结果,是一种主动或被动选择的结果.本文指出企业与环境之间的匹配是一种欲达到的结果状态或目标状态,而导致结果能否出现,主要受战略行为的影响,包括战略的主动行为、被动行为或不作为.战略风险的形成是由于战略行为未能有效保持企业与环境的匹配而使战略目标偏离于预期.战略行为受外部环境和内部条件的影响,未能将战略、资源、能力与环境的匹配失衡降低在组织承受的范围内,使战略目标偏离于预期,影响战略目标的实现,是战略风险形成的内在机理.战略行为包括战略决策行为和战略实施行为,本文重点分析了战略决策行为和战略实施行为中战略决策风险和战略实施风险形成的内在成因.     

碳交易政策下区域减排潜力研究——产业结构调整与技术创新双重视角

加快产业结构调整和技术创新对于充分激发碳交易政策的区域碳减排潜力具有重要推动作用。基于2005-2017年中国内地30个省域面板数据,采用DID和PSM-DID方法评估碳交易政策对碳排放和碳排放强度的影响,在SFA模型测算技术创新效率的基础上,从产业结构高级化、合理化和技术创新效率两个方面探讨碳交易政策的作用机制,同时运用固定效应模型进行分区域验证。结果表明:碳交易政策能推动试点和非试点地区协同减排;不同经济发展水平地区,从东部、中部到西部,碳交易政策的碳减排效应逐渐减弱;产业结构调整中,产业结构高级化更多受益于碳交易政策,产业结构合理化作用较弱,技术创新效率提升效果也较为明显。基于此,从完善碳市场建设、制定差异化政策、注重产业结构调整和技术创新协同减排等方面提出相应政策建议,旨在促进区域绿色高质量发展。     

排污权用益物权性质的探讨

从法学的视角考察,排污权的性质是什么,学界存在着比较大的分歧。本文认为排污权具有作为权利的一般属性,是一种基于所有权或物权而衍生的权利。排污权虽然是用益物权,但是和其他的用益物权相比,排污权具有自身的特殊性,是一种新型的用益物权。     

运用排污权交易改善晋江市垃圾治理现状

如何建设节约型社会是时下舆论讨论的热点问题之一,正确处理好经济发展与环境保护也是建设和谐社会的核心命题之一。本文通过分析晋江市工业垃圾治理模式如何由靠牺牲环境为代价的粗放型模式—模式Ⅰ,向封闭的、可循环的集约型模式—模式Ⅱ转变,证明经济发展与环境保护是完全可以协调统一的;同时,通过分析模式Ⅱ的不足,进一步引入排污权交易理论,结合晋江市的实际情况,创造性地提出了具有实用性和通用性的垃圾治理方式——模式Ⅲ。     

Efficiency losses from overlapping regulation of EU carbon emissions

In order to achieve their climate policy targets EU member states apply various regulatory instruments. We investigate the potential efficiency losses arising from the imposition of emission taxes on sectors that are covered by the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). Our analysis indicates the possibility of substantial excess cost through overlapping regulation. We show that unilateral emission taxes on sectors subject to the EU ETS are environmentally ineffective and increase overall compliance cost of the EU ETS.      

我国排污权交易污染因子和交易区域的选取策略研究

梳理我国排污权交易污染因子和交易区域选取现状,总结污染因子和交易区域选取的特点,分析目前尚存在的问题,探索排污权交易污染因子和交易区域选取的原则,结果表明:(1)目前我国开展排污权交易的选取的污染因子不科学,交易区域选取过于行政化;(2)试点污染物的选取应综合考虑污染物特性、监测能力及总量因素;(3)交易区域的选取应综合考虑污染源数量、扩散特性及污染程度等因素。     

The Brave New World of Carbon Trading

Human-induced climate change has become a prominent political issue, at both national and international levels, leading to the search for regulatory ‘solutions’. Emissions trading has risen in popularity to become the most broadly favoured government strategy. Carbon permits have then quickly been developed as a serious financial instrument in markets turning over billions of dollars a year. In this article, I show how the reality of permit market operation is far removed from the assumptions of economic theory and the promise of saving resources by efficiently allocating emission reductions. The pervasiveness of Greenhouse Gas emissions, strong uncertainty and complexity combine to prevent economists from substantiating their theoretical claims of cost-effectiveness. Corporate power is shown to be a major force affecting emissions market operation and design. The potential for manipulation to achieve financial gain, while showing little regard for environmental or social consequences, is evident as markets have extended internationally and via trading offsets. At the individual level, there is the potential for emissions trading to have undesirable ethical and psychological impacts and to crowd out voluntary actions. I conclude that the focus on such markets is creating a distraction from the need for changing human behaviour, institutions and infrastructure.     

排污权交易的产权分析

本文运用产权理论对排污权交易进行分析和考察,认为排污权交易形成的根本动力是环境容量稀缺程度的提高、相对价格的上升导致了对更有效的污染治理技术的强烈需求。但技术创新需要产权制度的保护,只有对环境容量产权明晰,才能导致市场形成价格,从而诱发技术创新。而国家权利的介入是环境容量产权明晰的必要保障。     

The innovation impact of the EU Emission Trading System — Findings of company case studies in the German power sector

This paper provides a detailed analysis of how the European Emission Trading System (EU ETS) as the core climate policy instrument of the European Union has impacted innovation. Towards this end, we investigate the impact of the EU ETS on research, development and demonstration (RD&D), adoption, and organizational change. In doing so, we pay particular attention to the relative influences of context factors (policy mix, market factors and public acceptance) and firm characteristics (value chain position, technology portfolio, size and vision). Empirically, our qualitative analysis is based on multiple case studies with 19 power generators, technology providers and project developers in the German power sector which were conducted in 2008/09. We find that the innovation impact of the EU ETS has remained limited so far because of the scheme's initial lack of stringency and predictability and the relatively greater importance of context factors. Additionally, the impact varies significantly across technologies, firms, and innovation dimensions and is most pronounced for RD&D on carbon capture technologies and organizational changes. Our analysis suggests that the EU ETS on its own may not provide sufficient incentives for fundamental changes in corporate innovation activities at a level which ensures political long-term targets can be achieved.     

排污权交易会计国际发展评述及启示

作为环境管理的有效手段,排污权交易自上世纪70年代提出后得到迅速推广,而由排污权交易引致的会计规范问题也日益受到国际机构及各国会计准则委员会的关注,美国、欧盟及日本等西方发达国家和组织纷纷在理论规范和实务应用两个层面予以推进,排污权交易会计准则体系已逐渐形成。因此,在构建我国排污权交易会计规范体系时,应针对实际情况,首先采用非活跃市场下的无形资产法和无交易市场下的环境负债净额法,待时机成熟时再引入公允价值法,边试边做,循序渐进。     

广东碳排放权交易市场发展问题初探

国内外碳交易需求增加很快。广东碳市场的发展,有碳生产力居全国前列、碳减排技术创新能力强、泛珠区域合作密切等优势;也有减排约束不强,企业诚信不足,金融服务欠缺等制约因素,还有相关国际规则变化和交易所竞争的风险。可取的对策是：加强省内减排约束,逐步发展强制减排;发展碳交易市场的国内外合作;开发碳金融产品,加快减排技术创新;稳步设置交易机构,防止业务过度竞争;利用规则和技术条件,培养使用碳交易人才。     

深圳市主要污染物排污权交易政策制度评估

介绍了深圳市排污权交易进展情况,概括了深圳市排污权交易制度框架和制度体系,构建政策评估体系,从目的、政策框架、政策制度、综合效应对深圳市排污权交易制度进行评估分析。结果表明,深圳市制度设计较为完整,初始分配、政府储备、协议转让、总量监管等方面仍存在不足,行政强制手段过多,导致市场对资源配置效率降低,应进一步研究提高市场活跃度的因素,为正式实施排污权交易打下基础。     

基于Internet的排污权交易平台分析与设计

利用现代信息技术进行排污权交易平台的开发是河南省排污权交易体系的一个重要组成部分,也是排污权交易发展的必然趋势。排污权交易平台的开发以排污权交易为核心,基于B/S三层体系架构,实现排污权总量控制、申购、交易、跟踪预警、信息管理、平台维护和信息发布等为一体的系统功能,为更好地实现排污权交易提供了系统性的支持平台和有力的实施保障。     

河北省实施排污权交易的实践与反思——基于河北省满城县经验的探讨

排污权交易作为环境控制政策的手段之一,已成为备受关注的环境经济政策。河北省满城县进行了排污权交易的试点探索,在实践中存在不少问题和困惑,诸如：排污权性质、排污总量的确定、交易价格等都需要进一步研究和探讨。