我国汽车产业专利战略研究

知识以及附着于其上的知识产权尤其是专利权，应成为企业技术发展关注的重点。面对现今汽车产业自主研发急剧膨胀的现状，应当从专利战略分析入手，对自主研发加以规划，并提倡从专利的角度来带动研发和对研发成果加以保护，以避免自主研发的盲目性。     

电力行业专利标准化研究

随着科学技术的迅速发展和经济全球化的不断深入,标准化水平已成为企业核心竞争力的基本要素。其中专利技术的标准化又使得技术标准的强势与专利权的优势相结合,使得知识产权权利人的市场优势倍增。"得标准者得市场",专利技术标准化已成为国际竞争中新的游戏规则,更是西方大国在国际贸易中的战略手段之一。目前,国外企业利用"技术专利化、专利标准化、标准国际化"的竞争路线取得了较大的技术和市场优势。而尚处于专利标准化起步阶段的我国企业却面临着极大挑战,尤其在技术密集型的电力行业,各个主要电力企业正在积极推进"走出去"战略,其面临来自国外企业专利标准的挑战更大。因此,本文首先分析了我国企业面临的挑战及外国企业实施专利标准化战略的成功经验,并结合电力行业的特点,提出专利标准化建设建议,构建电力行业专利标准化战略。     

WTO与中国企业专利发展战略

WTO以贸易为中心,在全球范围内将货物贸易、服务贸易与知识产权紧密地联系在一起,从而实现了专利保护全球化,知识经济时代知识产权成为了企业生存发展的核心问题,企业的生产、经营、管理都必须以知识产权为中心进行战略定位。专利是市场经济下的一种合法垄断,专利就是市场,要积极发挥专利技术的市场效用。加入WTO以后,中国市场成为了全球市场,中国企业必须立足发展中国家的现实,积极进行战略布局,才能在与跨国公司的竞争中生存和发展。专利战略已成为中国企业实施可持续发展的战略选择,成为了中国企业开展市场竞争的战略重点,也是中国企业进行对外贸易的战略举措。     

发达国家小专利立法的经验及启示

我国现行专利法对中小企业小创新专利权保护不足,创新企业的合法权益得不到保障,中小企业自主创新的积极性被严重挫伤。发达国家在实施小专利立法、强化中小企业小创新专利权保护方面积累了丰富的经验,取得了较为显著的成效。在当前我国专利法第三次修改的过程中,应借鉴发达国家小专利立法的先进经验,不断完善我国的专利法律体系和专利执法制度,为中小企业的小创新提供更好的专利权保护。     

论"侵犯专利犯罪"的立法完善

用刑事手段保护知识产权，已成为世界各国的共识。由于我国现行法律对“假冒专利罪”尚无比较详尽的司法解释，因而易导致对本罪认定的困难．严格区分假冒专利行为与专利侵权行为，假冒专利行为与冒充专利行为，假冒专利行为与骗取专利行为的界限，增设侵犯专利权罪，科学规范“侵犯专利权”罪的犯罪现象，对加大保护专利权力度具有重大的现实意义。     

苏州企业专利开发与保护的现状与对策

苏州作为我国经济发达的经济区域,在企业专利开发与保护中取得了长足的进步,专利工作处于国内先进水平。面对新的发展机遇和经济全球化竞争所带来的挑战,要在激烈的竞争中生存和发展,企业必须加快制定和实施企业专利开发与保护战略,提高企业自主创新能力;政府要为企业专利开发和保护提供一个良好的制度环境和政策环境。     

跨国公司在华专利战略及中国企业的对策

随着经济全球化的推进和市场竞争的加剧,作为保护技术创新的一种措施的专利权逐渐异化为跨国公司的市场竞争工具。这种异化既是跨国公司有意推动的结果,也是市场竞争深化的反映。跨国公司在华专利战略使中国企业面临严峻的挑战,应对这种挑战需要中国企业不懈的努力。     

美国专利法域外适用制度:流变、适用与启示

专利权被认为是最具有领土性的权利,长期以来,专利保护的国内立法和国际条约均未突破专利权的地域性.随着专利跨国保护重要性与专利权地域性的矛盾日益突出,在美国专利权人的游说下,美国国会不断修订专利法,赋予部分规则域外效力以规制境外组装、境外制造等境外行为;同时,美国法院在司法实践中对这些规则的界限和范围表现出不确定性.但总体而言,这些规则的实践进一步实现了美国专利权人维权与竞争的双重功能,起到促进美国专利创新与维护国家利益的作用.中国处于从专利引进大国向创造大国转变的特殊时期,立法上应未雨绸缪确立适度的符合中国现实的专利权保护域外规则,同时应注意积极调动私人能动作用和发挥法院的积极作用.     

美国专利法域外适用制度:流变、适用与启示

专利权被认为是最具有领土性的权利,长期以来,专利保护的国内立法和国际条约均未突破专利权的地域性.随着专利跨国保护重要性与专利权地域性的矛盾日益突出,在美国专利权人的游说下,美国国会不断修订专利法,赋予部分规则域外效力以规制境外组装、境外制造等境外行为;同时,美国法院在司法实践中对这些规则的界限和范围表现出不确定性.但总体而言,这些规则的实践进一步实现了美国专利权人维权与竞争的双重功能,起到促进美国专利创新与维护国家利益的作用.中国处于从专利引进大国向创造大国转变的特殊时期,立法上应未雨绸缪确立适度的符合中国现实的专利权保护域外规则,同时应注意积极调动私人能动作用和发挥法院的积极作用.     

浅析专利法律制度与企业的发展

专利法律制度对技术创新具有重要的促进与保障作用,通过赋予发明人合法的"专利权"将科技成果专有化,从而使技术创新得到保护;现代企业的发展离不开技术革新,专利是对创新成果的最佳保护措施,企业在技术创新中要正确运用专利法律制度将科技创新成果专利化,从而在市场经济中赢得竞争优势。     

A great wall of patents: What is behind China's recent patent explosion?

China's patent surge, documented in this paper, is seemingly paradoxical given the country's weak record of protecting intellectual property rights. Using a firm-level data set that spans the population of China's large and medium-size industrial enterprises, this paper explores the factors that account for China's rising patent activity. While the intensification of research and development in the Chinese economy tracks with patenting activity, it explains only a fraction of the patent explosion. The growth of foreign direct investment in China is prompting Chinese firms to file for more patent applications. Amendments to the patent law that favor patent holders and ownership reform that has clarified the assignment of property rights also emerge as significant sources of China's patent boom. These results are robust to alternative estimation strategies that account for over-dispersion in the patent counts data and firm heterogeneity.     

Indigenous technological capabilities,emerging market firms and the aerospace industry

While emerging market economies have developed significant technological capabilities and increased their share of global value-added in aerospace, they have done so largely through utilising foreign direct investment (FDI) and offset arrangements to enter supply chains that remain dominated by European and American firms. The paper examines whether emerging markets are developing indigenous technological capability in aerospace technologies. Drawing on patent data from the Thomson Innovation database, the study seeks to understand whether anchor tenant capability is indeed forming in emerging markets. A tech-mining method is applied. The study suggests that China, in particular, has dramatically increased its innovative capacity in the area. However, the data also demonstrate the significant advantages enjoyed by incumbent firms from Europe and the USA, suggesting that the complexity of aircraft R&D remains a formidable barrier that can only be surmounted by determined government policies and anchor firms equipped with substantial innovation capabilities.     

The impact of foreign direct investment on innovation: Evidence from patent filings and citations in China

This paper studies how foreign direct investment (FDI) affects innovation in the host country, using matched firm-level patent data of Chinese firms. The data contain multidimensional information about patent counts and citations, which, together with an identification strategy based on Lu et al. (2017), allows us to measure innovation comprehensively and to uncover the causal relationship. Our empirical analysis shows that FDI has positive intra-industry effects on the quantity and quality of innovation, as well as radical innovation, by Chinese firms. We show that these positive effects are driven by increases in competition, rather than by knowledge spillovers from FDI which is measured by patent citations between domestic firms and foreign invested enterprises (FIEs). We further investigate the inter-industry effects of FDI and find that FDI has positive vertical effects on innovation in upstream sectors through backward knowledge spillovers.     

Innovation strategy and the patenting behavior of firms

This paper investigates whether firms’ innovation strategies affect their patenting behavior, as measured by both the probability of having a patent portfolio and the number of active patents held. Three main dimensions of an innovation strategy are taken into account: the relative importance of basic research, applied research and development work in total R&D activities, the product or process orientation of innovation efforts, and the extent to which firms enter into collaborative R&D with other institutions. The major findings can be summarized as follows: (1) taking into account the various dimensions of an innovation strategy turns out to approximate the patenting behavior of firms better than the traditional Schumpeterian hypotheses related to firm size and market power; (2) there is a positive relationship between the patent portfolio of firms and an outward-oriented innovation strategy characterized by R&D partnerships with external organizations - scientific institutions and competitors in particular; (3) process-oriented innovators patent less than product-oriented innovators; (4) a stronger focus on basic and applied research is associated with a more active patenting behavior; (5) firms that perceive high barriers to innovation (internal, risk-related or external barriers) have smaller patent portfolios; (6) the perceived limitations of the patent system do not significantly influence the patenting behavior, suggesting that firms patent for other strategic reasons than merely protecting innovation rents.     

融资约束与地区差异视角下企业GVCs升级研究

“低端锁定”效应是我国企业参与全球价值链升级面临的主要问题。以地区差异为视角,通过在一般性产品价值链理论中纳入融资约束变量,探求了融资约束降低对于我国不同地区企业GVCs升级的贡献差异。结果发现,由于企业被“低端锁定”程度和地区金融市场发展水平存在差异,融资约束降低对于各地区企业GVCs分工地位的提升效果有所不同,且这种差异多方位决定了不同融资工具对我国企业GVCs分工地位提升效果。据此,提出适合不同地区企业GVCs升级的金融发展对策与建议,并发现合理调配和使用融资工具,是提升我国企业在全球价值链中分工地位的有效手段。     

The patterns of patents in China

Innovations are a key driver of long-term economic growth. There has been an explosion of patent filings in China in the past three decades. But empirical studies on the pattern of innovations at the firm level are rather scant primarily due to lack of firm-specific patent data. We have made concerted efforts to match Chinese patent data with a large firm-level database. The matched dataset enables us to examine the patterns of patents at the firm level. Our analysis has revealed several interesting patterns: (1) domestic firms have become increasingly more innovative in terms of patent application; (2) private firms, rather than state-owned enterprises, have been the engine of innovation; (3) rising wages have propelled labor-intensive sectors to become more innovative; and (4) in response to increasing sex ratio imbalances, firms in female-intensive industries have exhibited more innovations than those in male-intensive industries.     

Corporate patents and knowledge sourcing from universities

This paper provides empirical evidence on the link between different external knowledge sourcing strategies from universities and firms’ innovation output measured by the number of patent applications. Three strategies for acquiring external knowledge are distinguished: buying, cooperating and contracting out. The empirical model is based on the instrumental variable version of the ordered probit model. Geographical distance to local universities is employed as an instrument for the different knowledge sourcing strategies. The empirical results show that buying knowledge from universities is significantly positively related to the number of patent applications, while cooperating with universities and contracting out does not have an impact. This also holds for buying knowledge from domestic universities.     

Do firms with larger patent portfolios create more new plant varieties in the US agricultural biotechnology industry?

This article is an empirical analysis of the relationship between patent ownership and variety innovation for US agricultural biotechnology firms in the years 1976–1999. Counts of new varieties include corn, soybean, or wheat varieties protected by either patents or plant variety protection certificates, while patent portfolio size is defined as the count of a firm's gene and method patents. Negative binomial regression results indicate that firms with larger patent portfolios did not exhibit scale economies in variety creation nor did firms with wider technological diversity in their patent portfolios create significantly greater numbers of new varieties. However, firms experienced positive spillover effects from rival firms’ patent ownership, and patent ownership increases this effect. Sample firms that have merged in the past do not produce significantly greater numbers of new varieties after considering an increase in portfolio size and did not experience greater economies of scale in creating new varieties compared with firms that experienced no past mergers.     

资源价格波动性对企业创新类型的调节效应

我国企业究竟应当选择自主创新还是模仿创新,学术研究与企业实践一直存在争议。自主创新和模仿创新不是简单的对立和过渡关系,而是划分中国企业创新类别的重要维度,并由此可以推导出4种创新类型。在引入资源价格波动性作为调节变量的框架下,讨论了4种类型创新对企业绩效的影响。实证研究结果显示,当资源价格波动性较大时,企业应当选择自主创新和整合创新;而当资源价格趋于平稳时,企业则应当选择技术引进和模仿创新。