揭阳市城乡居民收入与人均GDP的回归分析

运用SPSS软件,对2006—2012年揭阳市农民人均纯收入、城镇居民人均可支配收入、城乡收入差距与人均GDP数据,进行回归分析,建立线性回归的曲线拟合模型,并对模型进行了检验。模型显示近年来揭阳市农民人均纯收入、城镇居民人均可支配收入、城乡收入差距的增长与人均GDP的增长均呈现正相关关系,通过分析城乡收入差距扩大的原因,为揭阳市政府制定提高农民收入的政策提供决策依据。     

对中国经济增长的反思

在对农村居民和城镇居民收入和经济增长关系研究中发现,中国的农村居民纯收入增长率与经济增长率之间没有关系,城镇居民可支配收入增长率和经济增长率之间有因果关系,城镇居民可支配收入增长率长期以来一直高于农村居民纯收入增长率。自2001年以来农村居民纯收入增长率稳步提高,与城镇居民可支配收入增长率之间的相对差距逐渐缩小。因此,虽然中国政府在增加农村居民收入方面取得了巨大的成绩,协调城乡收入差距,协调农村居民收入与经济增长之间的关系仍然是宏观调控的重要内容。     

缩小我国城镇居民收入差距的财政政策研究

新世纪以来,伴随着改革开放步伐的不断深入和社会主义市场经济的不断完善,中国经济发展有了质的飞跃,城镇居民的生活水平不断提高.与此同时,我国城镇居民的收入差距也在不断扩大.主要表现在不同行业、不同地区和不同所有制的劳动者之间.因此,我国城镇居民收入分配格局存在复杂性.本文通过对现阶段我国城镇居民收入存在差异的背景分析,主要包括地区差距、行业差距以及所有制差距的分析,研究导致我国城镇居民收入分配差距扩大的原因,并从财政角度提出相应的意见和建议.     

城镇居民初次分配和再分配收入差距的来源及贡献比较

测算了改革以来中国城镇居民收入差距,并利用收入来源分解基尼系数法对初次分配和再分配收入差距的来源及其对城镇居民收入差距的贡献进行了比较。研究表明,持续扩大的初次分配收入差距是城镇居民收入差距的主要因素;再分配收入对城镇居民收入差距逆向调节,其中二次分配收入没有起到有效缓解居民收入差距的作用,三次分配收入扩大了居民收入差距。城镇居民收入分配机制还有较大改革空间。     

我国城镇居民收入分配差距的实证研究

笔者首先计算了几种度量收入分配差距的指标,从不同角度的分析得到了我国城镇居民收入分配差距不断扩大的结论;其次估计了我国城镇居民的基尼系数.通过计量经济模型,检验了高、中、低各阶层可支配收入与收入分配差距之间的关系,得出结论:增加中低收入阶层的可支配收入,遏制高收入阶层可支配收入,可以减小基尼系数,从而降低收入分配差距;进一步通过模型发现,我国发达地区的经济发展和收入分配差距呈现出倒U型规律,说明经济发展达到一定水平,收入分配差距有望缩小.     

城镇低收入阶层收入问题研究

近几年来,城镇居民之间的收入差距越来越引起人们的关注,其中突出问题是低收入群体的收入问题。我们就此问题进行了研究,认为解决城镇居民收入差距问题的关键,在于解决城镇低收入群体问题。     

湖南省城乡居民收入分配差距分析与对策

根据2000-2009年湖南省统计数据,对湖南城乡居民收入分配差距进行了现状分析、因子分析和趋势分析。现状分析显示：湖南城乡居民收入分配差距在全国排位居中,在中部地区居高;长株潭地区城乡居民收入分配的在全省绝对差距最大,相对差距最小;城乡居民收入分配绝对差距持续加大,相对差距增长近年趋缓。因子分析显示：城镇居民人均可支配收入对区域城乡收入绝对差距影响最大,而农民人均纯收入对区域城乡收入相对差距影响最大;城乡居民收入、人均GDP、城市化水平、二三产业就业人口比和农业财政支出比例均与湖南城乡收入分配绝对差距动态变化呈显著的正相关性。随着社会经济水平的发展,城镇居民的收入增长速度大于农村居民的收入增长速度,照此下去,城乡收入差距还将继续扩大,只有以农民人均纯收入年均增长率（11％）略高于城镇人均纯收入年均增长率（10％）发展时,湖南城乡收入相对差距才会开始呈现下降趋势。因此,控制城乡居民收入差距扩大的关键就是要想尽办法提高农村居民收入的增长速度,这需要采取一系列有效对策。     

居民收入差距与通货膨胀关系(1978-2002)

文章利用AEG协整检验和均衡修正模型,对1978-2002年我国居民收入差距和通货膨胀关系进行了实证检验。结果发现:居民收入差距与通货膨胀之间存在长期均衡关系。我国过大的城镇居民收入差距将会对通货膨胀产生上升的压力,但农村居民收入差距对其的影响却不显著。同时,通货膨胀将会拉大我国居民的收入差距,特别是对城镇居民收入差距的短期影响更为明显。指出加快完善我国的社会保障体制,缩小收入差距,特别是农村居民收入差距和城乡收入差距,以及引导城镇高收入阶层转变不合理的消费方式和投资行为,对于扩大内需、稳定物价、保持经济持续稳定增长具有极其重要的意义。     

地区收入结构与我国城镇居民收入差距的演化——基于2000--2009年数据的考察

基于2000-2009年全国各省份城镇居民收入数据,依据基尼系数和泰尔指数两种方法测度了我国城镇居民收入差距的变化程度,结果显示2000-2006年差距略微上升,但2006-2009年逐年下降,发现了经济增长与收入差距没有必然的一致性,即经济的增长并不必然以收入差距的扩大为代价,缩小收入分配差距也并不必然牺牲经济的发展速度。通过基尼系数把城镇居民收入差距分解为收入结构差距,揭示了工资性收入是总差距的决定因素,但其对总差距的贡献度在不断降低;转移性收入对总差距的贡献程度也在降低,二者对缩小总差距有积极作用。通过泰尔指数把城镇居民收入差距分解为区域间差距和区域内差距,发现区域间差距是构成总差距主体,但是从时间序列看,区域内对总差距的影响程度逐步扩大,东部地区内部省际城镇居民收入的差异对区域内差距影响最大。     

江苏城镇居民收入差距来源及影响比较

随着中国经济的转型和发展,城镇居民收入差距开始凸显,但在很长的一段时间内,国内学者在国民收入的研究方面比较侧重于城乡、地区间的收入差距,有关城镇居民收入差距的研究相对来说较少。本文着眼于江苏城镇居民收入差距的研究,计算1995—2010年江苏城镇居民收入的基尼系数,然后应用基于收入来源分解基尼系数法,从     

山西省区域收入不均等的实证分析——基于泰尔指数分解

运用泰尔指数分析了1999—2008年山西省区域收入不均等情况,对区域收入差距中的城乡收入差距及晋南、晋中、晋北三大地区农村居民的收入差距进行了分解分析。结果表明,城乡收入差距占区域收入不均等的80%以上,城市和农村内部的差距所占比例不足20%;三大地区间的农村居民收入差距对山西省总的区域收入不均等的贡献约为60%,剩下的40%则归因于三大地区各自内部的收入差距。对山西省城乡收入差距、三大地区内农村居民收入差距的成因进行了研究,并提出了缩小收入差距的对策及建议。     

中国行业收入差距的实证分析

本文运用扩展的基尼系数进行实证分析表明,中国行业之间收入差距的基尼系数不断扩大,国有单位行业之间的收入差距基本上与全国行业之间收入差距保持一致,城镇集体单位行业之间收入差距的基尼系数变化不大,其他单位①行业之间收入差距不仅初始值比较高,而且扩大得比较快。造成上述结果的原因,一方面来自市场机制的作用以及私有化所带来的分配不均,另一方面来自国有部门行业之间收入差距扩大的影响及其国有部门行业的垄断性质。     

Equity in Poverty Program Evaluations

Poverty‐reducing programs often use indicators other than household income to transfer resources to the poor which has important implications in terms of equity of the program. This paper offers a decomposition methodology to analyze the horizontal and vertical equity components of a redistribution policy for subgroups defined according to policy‐relevant characteristics. Our measures are derived by comparing the cost of inequality in terms of equally distributed equivalent poverty gaps in the pre‐transfer income and post‐transfer income distributions. An application to the poverty‐reducing program Oportunidades in Mexico in 2006 reveals that the use of indicator variables more strongly correlated with pre‐transfer incomes in rural households can improve the redistributive effect while it also points out the difficulties of the program in targeting different levels of support among the poor, both within and between groups.     

FDI and Income Inequality—Evidence from Latin American Economies

This paper analyzes whether foreign direct investment (FDI) has contributed to the wide income gaps in Latin America. Panel cointegration techniques as well as regression analysis are performed to assess the impact of inward FDI stocks on income inequality among households in Latin American host countries. The panel cointegration analysis typically reveals a significant and positive effect on income inequality. There is no evidence for reverse causality. The findings are fairly robust to the choice of different estimation methods, sample selection and the period of observation.     

Foreign direct investment and income convergence

The role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the convergence of income level and growth has been investigated by panel data regressions. Bilateral FDI data from OECD from 1982 to 1997 is used. Income level and growth gaps between source and host countries turn out to decrease as bilateral FDI increases. It is also found that geographical closeness and common language play an important role in convergence in income level and growth.     

我国城乡收入差距的地区类型分析

改革开放以来,我国各地区的城乡收入差距均表现为扩大趋势,但由于各地区城乡发展条件的差异,各地区的城乡收入差距及其变化也表现为不同的类型。本文通过将反映各地区收入水平、工业化和城市化水平的变量进行聚类分析,将我国各地区的城乡收入差距划分为城乡高度协调型、城乡中度协调型、城乡低度协调型、城乡低度扭曲型、城乡中度扭曲型和城乡高度扭曲型共六种类型。各地区在1985-2006年期间,城乡收入差距的类型也并不是全部保持不变的,表现为有的地区城乡扭曲程度加剧,有的地区缓解,有的地区时而扭曲加剧、时而扭曲缓解,从而衍生为十种变化类型。这为我国中央和地方政府不是采取＂一刀切＂的政策措施,而是依据不同的城乡收入差距地区类型,有所侧重的治理城乡收入差距提供了参考依据。     

中国居民收入差距对消费倾向变动趋势的影响

本文以消费的边际效用递减规律为基础,探讨了居民收入差距和消费倾向间可能的关系,并对中国居民消费倾向变动趋势进行解释.本文分析表明,收入差距对消费倾向可能的影响和经济发展水平有关系,当经济发展到一定程度时,居民收入差距在一定的范围内变化不会影响消费倾向的变化,但超过一定范围后,随着收入差距变大,消费倾向变低.我们认为过大的居民收入差距是造成近年来消费倾向变低的重要原因.     

Persistent income gaps in an occupational choice model with multi‐goods

In this study, we propose a theory to explain why income gaps persist. We model a simple overlapping‐generations economy with three consumption goods and two types of workers. We find that high‐skilled workers have comparative advantage in skill‐intensive jobs and low‐skilled workers in less skill‐intensive jobs. This pattern of comparative advantage determines occupational choices by workers. Combined with human capital accumulation, the occupational choices widen income gaps between families. At the same time, the relative price of skill‐intensive goods declines owing to productivity improvement. The decline holds back income gaps from exploding. The implications of skill‐biased technological change are also examined.     

The impact of education expansion on wage inequality

The findings on education expansion and income inequality have important implications for policymakers to implement effective policies to reduce income inequality. This study attempts to explain how education expansion affects income inequality by education distribution and the rate of return to education. We decompose the effect of education expansion on wage gaps into price effect and structure effect. We compare the income inequality from 2002 to 2013 using the Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) 2002 and CHIP2013 survey data and employ FFL decomposition method. Our findings suggest that income inequality increased in 2013 and that income inequality among the high-income groups increased even more significantly. The structure effect of education expansion on income inequality is negative, when average education increases one year, the income gap between 80th and 20th will decrease 1.2%, in other words, education expansion decreases income inequality by allowing a wide range of individuals to attend college. However, this effect is offset by the price effect, which is positive and much more significant in magnitude. One extra year of average education will increase income gap by 29% which means that the demand for high-skilled labour is increasing faster than the supply and thus lead to the increasing premium for higher education return.     

The determinants of entrepreneurship gender gaps: A cross‐country analysis

This paper uses aggregate data from the International Labor Organization and microeconomic data from the European Values Study to quantify gender gaps in entrepreneurship, distinguishing between gender gaps in employership and in self‐employment, and study their main empirical determinants. Our sample consists of 40 European countries and varies broadly in terms of institutional background since it includes several ex‐Communist countries. In the aggregate data we observe a gender gap in employers of 59% and a gender gap in self‐employment of 36%. These gaps have remained roughly constant in the 2000–2017 period, although there are wide differences in both their levels and evolution over time and across countries. Using microeconomic data, we find that the incidence of entrepreneurship, employership, and self‐employment among men is much larger than among women, consistent with the gaps estimated using aggregate data. Our regressions show that these gaps are still sizable even after controlling for a large set of control variables that include marital status, age, education, number of children, wealth, the participation of parents and spouse in entrepreneurship, values toward women, social capital, and prior unemployment. We identify important differences between the determinants of these gaps in ex‐Communist countries and in high‐income ones.