刑事诉讼各阶段证据证明标准的差异研究

刑事诉讼对证据进行审查的三大环节为：批准逮捕、审查起诉、刑事审判。这三个环节是刑事诉讼的三大关键环节，对刑事诉讼活动有实质性的影响，因此在这三个环节对证据进行的审查也就尤为重要。2013年1月1日新实行的刑事诉讼法虽然对证据方面进行了较的大改动，在一定程度上完善了我国刑事证据制度。但是对于批准逮捕、审查起诉、刑事审判这三个阶段的证据证明标准的规定不够明确，应当细化，有待于进一步完善。     

公开式审查逮捕模式探索

逮捕是最为严厉的刑事强制措施，其具有打击犯罪，保障刑事诉讼顺利进行和保障人权的双重作用，逮捕不是一种实体性处罚措施。传统的审查逮捕方式是在封闭的状态下进行，批准逮捕决定的作出主要建立在侦查机关提供的单方证据材料基础上，缺少听取或者了解被追诉方辩护性意见的机制，司法审查属性不突出，执法透明度和说理性不够，行政化审批色彩较重。刑事诉讼法修改后，逮捕审查的诉讼性愈来愈明显，审查逮捕程序更趋向诉讼构造，本文就公开式审查逮捕模式做出一些探索，试图构建更为合理的司法审查模式，以期对司法实务有所补益。     

公开式审查逮捕模式探索

逮捕是最为严厉的刑事强制措施，其具有打击犯罪，保障刑事诉讼顺利进行和保障人权的双重作用，逮捕不是一种实体性处罚措施。传统的审查逮捕方式是在封闭的状态下进行，批准逮捕决定的作出主要建立在侦查机关提供的单方证据材料基础上，缺少听取或者了解被追诉方辩护性意见的机制，司法审查属性不突出，执法透明度和说理性不够，行政化审批色彩较重。刑事诉讼法修改后，逮捕审查的诉讼性愈来愈明显，审查逮捕程序更趋向诉讼构造，本文就公开式审查逮捕模式做出一些探索，试图构建更为合理的司法审查模式，以期对司法实务有所补益。     

捕后羁押必要性审查制度探析

捕后羁押必要性审查制度是针对逮捕后的羁押必要性审查的制度设计。这一制度具有无罪推定原则,比例原则,人权保障原则的理论根基,对限制逮捕的适用具有积极的意义,但它在审查主体,审查启动,审查方式,审查效力上存在着诸多不足,本文通过捕后羁押必要性审查的制度构建试图实现其减少羁押的立法意旨。     

检察实务中职务犯罪逮捕上提一级存在的问题及对策

自2009年9月最高人民检察院发布《关于省级以下人民检察院立案侦查的案件由上一级人民检察院审查决定逮捕的规定（试行）》（以下简称《规定》）至今,职务犯罪审查决定逮捕上提一级制度运行已经三年多。该制度的实施对于强化侦查监督、提高侦查水平发产生明显的效果。但是,一项新制度的运行和完善是个发展的过程,     

英美违宪审查制度之比较

英国作为议会主权国家，同样存在违宪审查制度。英美违宪审查制度差异不在于违宪审查的主体不同，而在于其宪政理念的差异以及审查模式的不同。分析两国违宪审查制度差别之所在，对于完善我国的宪法监督制度有一定的现实意义。     

完善内部约束机制

北京市工商局经过几年来的努力,在建立完善“两公开一监督”制度的同时,在内部约束机制有效防范上下功夫,取得了一定成效。 从1993年开始,全系统对证照、办案、收费等重点业务部门、重点岗位的内部约束制度进行了修订和完善。经过两年的努力,全系统共修订完善19项制度。健全完善后的制度归纳起来,主要有以下几方面内容。 在证照方面,制定了《企业登记注册工作的职责、权限、程序》,该制度中明确规定了“登记注册程序:审查、核准、打照、发照、公告、建档”;规定了各工     

羁押必要性审查主体探析——基于《刑事诉讼法》第93条的讨论

新《刑事诉讼法》第93条规定：＂犯罪嫌疑人、被告人被逮捕后,人民检察院仍应当对羁押必要性进行审查。对不需要继续羁押的,应当建议予以释放或者变更强制措施。有关机关应当在十日以内将处理情况通知人民检察院。＂这条规定确立了检察机关对捕后羁押必要性进行继续审查的制度,即羁押必要性审查制度。羁押必要性审查制度的确立,是强化检察机关的法律监督职能重要举措,是维护犯罪嫌疑人、被告人合法权利的内在要求。     

浅析审查批捕工作中的证据问题

根据我国刑事诉讼法规定,人民检察院侦查监督部门的职责是对公安机关提请批准逮捕的各类刑事犯罪案件进行审查,并在核实相关事实和证据情况下,依法做出批准逮捕和不批准逮捕的决定。正确行使这项职权,准确适用逮逋这一强制措施,对保障刑事诉讼活动的顺利进行有着至关重要的意义。     

审查逮捕制度刍议

我国现行的审查逮捕制度在法律层面和实践层面都存在着一定的缺陷，在审查的过程中层层审批，效率低下，且采取书面形式，证据来源单一，救济程序缺失。本文通过对逮捕制度现状的分析，进而提出相应的完善措施，以期进一步推动刑事诉讼的发展。     

The Next Phase of Anti-Monopoly Enforcement No Business Is Safe

The Chinese authorities responsible for enforcing broadly drafted anti-monopoly rules governing day-to-day trading are believed to be finally gearing up to commence investigations and prosecutions.     

Corporate Fault and Consumer Protection: A New Approach for the UK

Many of the prosecutions for consumer protection offences which take place in the UK are against corporations, in particular, limited companies. As the criminal law had originally developed with human defendants in mind, many of its concepts were inappropriate where the defendant was a corporation. Corporations have, it is sometimes said, "no soul to be damned and no body to be kicked." As a result of industrialisation and the rise of the corporation in everyday life, legal principles had to be developed to deal with this new form of legal person. It began to be recognised that as well as having the ability to own property, enter contracts and the like, corporations were also capable of committing criminal offences.The purpose of this article is to examine the ways in which a corporation can be convicted of committing consumer protection offences under UK law. This is a topic which has received considerable attention in recent years, and is one which continues to undergo change. In particular, the article will consider the implications of a number of important recent decisions on corporate liability, and will consider their implications for those concerned with the enforcement of consumer law. It will be argued that the recent case law suggests that a new approach has emerged, but that the extent and implications of this approach, although potentially highly significant, are still not entirely clear.     

Serious cartel conduct,criminalisation and evidentiary standards: Lessons from the Coal Vend case of 1911 in Australia

The criminalisation of anti-competitive behaviour such as price fixing has long been a feature of US antitrust law. Some European countries have introduced criminal penalties for price fixing while in others the matter is under debate. Australia introduced such laws in 2009. Of critical importance when considering criminalisation is the evidentiary standard expected in criminal prosecutions. A century ago, in the Coal Vend case, the High Court of Australia broke new evidentiary ground in applying forensic accounting and economic methods to examine price fixing. Subsequently overturned, much could still be learnt by policy makers and competition agencies from this case.     

The Link Between Management Behavior and Ethical Philosophy in the Wake of the Enron Convictions

The current linkages between ethical theory and management behavior are investigated in the wake of the much-publicized convictions of Enron executives. The vignettes used in this investigation represent ethical dilemmas in the areas of coercion and control, conflict of interest, physical environment, and personal integrity. Since 2003, and after the successful prosecution of Enron executives, the link between ethical philosophy and management behavior has shifted somewhat dramatically. There has been a significant change in the rational basis for managerial decision making. In 2003, even after the Enron scandal was publicized, practitioners still relied heavily on both act and rule utilitarian ethical philosophies when making business decisions. Currently, the majority of respondents are likely to select ethically appropriate actions based on either rule utilitarian or rights rationales. It appears that ethical behavior is now more in line with ethical rhetoric, which may positively impact the ethical climate of business decision making. Apparently, business scandals of the past did not really impact actual ethical behavior much, but the high-profile prosecutions, convictions, and jail sentences may have impressed on managers that now is the time to incorporate ethics into business decisions.     

Cleaning San Francisco,cleaning the United States: The graft prosecutions of 1906–1909 and their nationwide consequences

Abstract

This case study examines public debates on, and investigations of, corrupt city officials and bribe-giving businesspeople in the western metropolis of San Francisco during the era of progressivism. Law enforcement was not only difficult because of the lack of juridical evidence but also because large portions of the local business elites were benefiting from illicit structures. The prosecutions failed, but financier, banker and capitalist Rudolph Spreckels initiated a national anti-graft movement in the early 1910s, which discussed the concept of corporate social and civic responsibility as an alternative to criminal prosecution and an opportunity to harmonise class conflicts.     

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Why It Fails to Deter Bribery as a Global Market Entry Strategy

Recent studies (Cragg and Woof, Bus Soc Rev 107(1):98–144, 2002; Weismann, J Bus Ethics 88:615–66, 2009) revealed that in the first 28 years of its existence, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act was not enforced by the federal government. The Weismann study further concluded that the FCPA, designed by Congress as a self-regulatory model of corporate governance, failed to achieve the regulatory goal of deterring global bribery by U.S. companies. The current article addresses the reasons that the FCPA remains an ineffective measure to control bribery as a global market entry strategy despite the highly publicized 2006 Department of Justice initiative to increase prosecutions and tighten enforcement efforts. The failure arises out of both the increased use of informal dispositions of case prosecutions, (including non-prosecution and deferred prosecution agreements), which has made “getting caught” merely an increased “cost of doing business” and the failure to close the regulatory gaps in the statute that permit violators to slip through the enforcement net. The article updates and compiles the case prosecution data for every reported case prosecuted between 1977 and 2011. That data are then compared to the results of a 2010 integrity risk survey performed by Deloitte Financial Advisory Services and Forbes which reveal a widely held global business perception that compliance and integrity risks appear to be rising sharply and that the FCPA is ineffective in deterring bribery and corruption in foreign markets. The article aims to serve as a predictive tool for policy makers and business professionals in assessing risk in the global markets, particularly as commerce intensifies in the BRIC countries, notable for bribery and corruption.     

Dealing with misleading advertising in the face of declining government resources

During the 15 years from 1980 to 1994, more than 150,000 complaints of misleading advertising were received by Consumer and Corporate Affairs Canada (now Industry Canada). Over the same period, 1,580 prosecutions were initiated and 1,154 convictions were obtained. Within the context of the actions that flow from the receipt of a misleading advertising complaint, this study examines the actions that flow from the receipt of a misleading advertising complaint, and the probability that a complaint will lead to a conviction. It analyses the equality of protection from misleading advertising across the country; and the product categories and the media which generate the largest number of convictions. The trend in investigations, prosecutions and convictions is down. The author concludes that with Industry Canada playing a changed and diminishing role in the regulation of misleading advertising, other means must be sought to deal with this problem.

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Der Umgang mir irreführender Werbung angesichts leerer werdender öffentlicher Kassen

Zusammenfassung In den 15 Jahren von 1980 bis 1994 erhielt die zuständige kanadische Behörde 150,000 Beschwerden wegen irreführender Werbung. In der selben Zeit wurden daraufhin 1,580 Verfahren eingeleitet, aus denen 1,154 Verurteilungen resultierten.Die vorliegende Studie befasst sich mit den Klagen, die sich aus Beschwerden über irreführende Werbung ergeben können, und mit der Wahrscheinlichkeit, mit der eine einzelne Klage zu einer Verurteilung führen wird. Sie prüft die Gleichmässigkeit des Schutzes gegen Irreführung über das ganze Land Kanada hinweg und analysiert die Produktkategorien und die Werbemedien, die zu den meisten Verurteilungen führen. Zahlenmässig geht der Trend sowohl bei den eingeleiteten Verfahren wie auch bei den Verurteilungen abwärts.Der Autor kommt zu dem Schluss, dass andere Wege im Umgang mit irreführender Werbung gefunden werden müssen, wenn die übliche behördliche Verfolgung an Bedeutung verliert.

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Robert G. Wyckham is a Professor in the Faculty of Business Administration, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.     

论对未成年人犯罪的和谐刑事政策

当前,未成年人犯罪已成为日益突出的社会问题,搅救、教育和改造这些未成年人应当根据他们的身心特征、犯罪的原因、特点,制定有效的对策。针对我国未成年人犯罪现行刑事制度中存在的问题,提出了应建立捕、诉、防一体化的工作机制,推行暂缓起诉制度、和解不诉制度、量刑建议制度、圆桌公诉制度、暂缓判决制度等和谐刑事政策。     

粉尘作业车间的除尘系统

介绍了粉尘作业车间的除尘系统的构成，以及每一道工序的主要构造，并列举了在粉尘和集尘步骤中常用的几种方法，分析了这几种方法的工作原理、优点和缺点，以及各自的适用范围。     

从价值链分析理论看我国的成本管理

企业价值链分析是一种战略性的分析工具。通过对价值链的分析,可以确认企业的价值活动有哪些,确定其发生的合理性,进而决定对其是消除还是改进;通过对竞争对手的价值链分析,还可以发现企业目前的成本是处于竞争优势还是竞争劣势,从而进行成本竞争地位的维持或改进。从价值链分析理论来看,我国的成本管理还存在诸多问题,我国企业必须从观念上、制度上、方法上对传统的成本管理系统进行重整再造,以适应日益激烈的国内及国外竞争环境。