中国旅游高等教育的另类解读

中国旅游高等教育正面临着一场困境:"教育膨胀"、"人才稀缺"、"就业压力"、"人才流失"构成一系列尖锐的矛盾和冲突,左右着中国旅游高等教育的发展.本文在总结前人研究成果的基础上,提出了困境的根源在于学科基本问题的缺失,以及由此所引起的一些负反馈机制.因而,要摆脱困境的基本前提便是"厘清学科的基本问题,构建学科核心知识体系".这才是中国旅游高等教育的根本出路.     

旅游的本质及其认识方法——从学科自觉的角度看

本文从旅游知识共同体(学科)构建的角度出发,针对目前流行的旅游定义所存在的过于宽泛的问题,阐述了笔者的观点:旅游是人们利用余暇在异地获得的一次休闲体验。这一定义涉及对旅游本质的认识,同时也决定着旅游知识共同体的核心、内涵和边界。笔者认为,区别旅游与其他类型的旅行,有利于旅游以及相关学科的建设,能避免当前旅游以及相关专业高等教育所面临的困境。     

旅游理论期刊与旅游业发展研讨会在桂林召开

5月25日-27日，由《桂林旅游高等专科学校学报》倡议，《旅游学刊》、《桂林旅游高等专科学校学报》和中国旅游报刊协会三家联合发起的“旅游理论期刊与旅游业发展”研讨会在桂林阳朔召开。代表全国12份旅游理论期刊的编辑与国家旅游局的领导和部分高校旅游学科的专家学者共21人出席了会议。与会代表就旅游理论对旅游科学和旅游业的促进等问题充分发表了意见；就旅游理论期刊如何为我国的旅游高等教育、学科建设和学术研究提供更好的舞台进行了探讨，也就目前理论期刊的诸多困境和出路认真地交换了看法。     

旅游学科"元研究"之思考

旅游学科“元研究”是以旅游学为研究对象的研究。它的意义在于如何使旅游学科成为一门成熟的学科。本文通过对近年来学术界关于旅游学科理论研究的反思，引入“元研究”的概念，提出了旅游学科的简单要素，阐述了旅游学科研究的基本对象，试图解释旅游学科的基本问题．为旅游学科的理论研究提供一种方法。     

旅游学科升格的理路探析

由于政府指令性学科专业目录的存在，旅游学科在中国的成长受到外在制度的束缚“，工商管理”一级学科下“旅游管理”二级学科的设置现状，对高等旅游教育和旅游业健康发展极为不利，遂有旅游学科升格之需。文章从“学科”意蕴的探讨入手，审视了学科专业目录规制的内在危机及其在旅游学科发展中的矛盾表现，借用学术性和实践性二维学科评价标准，分析说明了创建旅游管理一级学科的逻辑依据，并引入学科发展的一般逻辑和“好旅游”的基本框架，提出了旅游管理一级学科内部架构设计的三种基本模式。文章的主要观点是：在指令性学科专业目录尚不能彻底否定的前提下，允许并支持部分新兴学科升格，是政府优化学科管理制度的明智选择；创建旅游管理一级学科符合学术逻辑和社会需求逻辑，是旅游知识共同体当下的具体任务，意义不容小觑；遵从学理与应用相统一的逻辑，旅游管理一级学科的架构有对接本科专业目录设计、垂直设计和水平设计三种基本模式；推动旅游学科的升格，会引发学科基本命题的再思考，发挥带动学科内涵建设的作用。     

旅游系统:对旅游活动与旅游科学的一种解释

旅游系统：对旅游活动与旅游科学的一种解释□吴必虎对是否存在旅游科学、什么是旅游科学的研究对象、旅游学科在整个高等教育学科门类中应该处于何种地位，９０年代以来引起较多注意。１９９７年国家教委颁布新的学科目录（征求意见稿）时，试图取消“旅游管理”本科专业...     

国内旅游高等教育发展面临的问题

旅游业的发展与旅游人才的培养之间存在着既相互促进又相互制约的辩证关系。目前,我国旅游业的快速发展对旅游人才培养的层次、规模和知识结构提出了许多新要求,也对我国旅游高等院校(系)人才培养的方向和模式提出了诸多挑战。因而,反思国内旅游高等教育规模化发展背后所存在的问题,进而明确旅游高等教育人才培养的方向和模式具有重要意义。笔者认为,国内旅游高等教育存在3个方面的主要问题:1 学科地位定位不准、专业设置片面。一方面是旅游学在学科之林中始终都没有得到一个适当的地位(谢彦君,2 0 0 1) ;另一方面是将旅游教育和旅游研究仅…     

旅游高等院校的运动休闲课程设计

旅游市场的稳步发展,带动了人们“求新、求奇、求趣、求知、求享受”的心理趋势,运动休闲已悄然成为旅游业的主流和新时尚。为了适应这种态势的发展,加强文理学科的相互渗透与结合,应该成为旅游高等教育的一个主导方向。管理学和经济学是旅游专业的基础学科,社会学、心理学、政治学等人文学科是旅游管理专业的边缘学科,建筑学、规划学、生态学等理工学科是旅游管理专业的交叉学科,而体育选项、运动休闲课程是旅游学科的横断性课程。一、现代旅游模式的更新换代,迫切需要旅游教学模式的整体跟进和互动转型国家教委根据我国高等教育的…     

关于旅游学科发展与旅游管理专业课程体系建设的思考

本文提出了中国旅游事业以及高等旅游教育与科研近30年发展中几个主要方面问题:旅游和高等旅游教育科研的所得和所失、旅游的基本性质、高等旅游教育的定性、旅游学能否成为一门独立学科、旅游学科体系的建设、旅游管理专业课程体系构成、旅游管理专业主干课程及内容的确定,分析了这些问题的根源.在此基础上集中阐述了作者对旅游学科定性和定位、旅游学科理论体系结构、旅游学科的研究方法论、旅游管理专业课程体系构建等问题的观点.     

整合旅游教育 夯实人才工程——“高等学校旅游管理专业教育教学改革与发展战略研讨会”述要

新世纪高等学校旅游管理学科可持续发展的基础、动力和方向是什么?2001年2月,教育部高教司召开了“新世纪高等学校旅游管理专业教育教学改革与发展战略”的研讨会,与会领导、专家和教授从旅游高等教育、旅游人才工程和旅游专业教材等角度回答了这些问题。这些由教育行政部门、旅游行业部门和院校共同提出的可行性思路将会为国民经济支柱产业之一——旅游业的发展提供理论基础。     

The consequences of forty years of tourism growth

Leisure travel has become a major lifestyle in the United States since World War II. This paper describes the social, economic, and technological changes that have been adopted by the industry and society during three eras of travel evolution. A synoptic view of the development of travel is provided by a review of five travel industry components: transportation, attractions, facilities and services, information, and the consumer. Emphasis is placed on the consequences of the adoption of major social and technological innovations that have impacted this vibrant industry and will continue to do so in the future. The paper concludes with eight observations on the present and future status of leisure travel in the United States.     

The perceived impact of tourism by residents a case study in Santa Marta,Colombia

Studies of the local population's perception of tourism impact are useful in setting up programs to minimize friction between tourists and residents, and in formulating plans to gain resident support of tourist ventures. This study identifies the positive and negative aspects of tourism as perceived by the Santa Marta residents, and the influence of selected variables on resident response. It is hypothesized that the perception of tourist impact varies with the distance a person lives from the tourist zone and with the resident's socio-economic status. It is found that despite the perception of some serious negative aspects, Santa Marta residents consider the overall impact of tourism to be beneficial. They want their government to offer more economic incentives and eliminate any restrictive measures in order to stimulate tourism in the area. The positive attitudes of the Santa Marta residents toward tourism may be a function of the incipient stage of tourism development in this area.     

A tourist space-time budget in the Shetland Islands

This paper addresses the need to better understand tourist pressure in selected regions of the Shetland Islands, United Kingdom, using measures of space, time, perception, region, and core-periphery. Normally an economic theory, core-periphery was applied in the context of this study as a locational and mental construct in examining tourism group movement (behavior). Respondents were placed into two groups on the basis of their activitybased motivations for visiting Shetland and asked to complete a daily space-time budget regarding their use of attractions, facilities, accommodation, and transportation. It was discovered that both groups differed marginally in their space-time use of the aforementioned variables within the various regions of Shetland.     

The failure of ‘control’ in the hospitality industry

This paper explores the relationship between the literature on the issue of control and the realities of the hospitality industry. Management control is related to the unsanctioned entrepreneurial activities of operatives (illustrated by the ‘taxi scam’), the failure of computer systems used to control operatives, and the failure of the hospitality industry to exploit the potential of the new technology. The paper suggests that management's (and a significant part of the literature in this area) failure within hospitality is linked to the perception of the role of the hospitality manager as one of policing the industry.     

Liberation wars and tourism development in Africa : The case of Zambia

Development of Africa's immense tourism potential is severely limited for reasons including lack of capital, distance from the large North American and European markets, the cost of travel to Africa, and Africa's poor image abroad. A key factor contributing to this image problem is political instability. Since World War II, almost all African countries have achieved independence. In several countries, this decolonization process has taken the form of long and often bloody liberation wars. This paper examines the impact of Zimbabwe's protracted liberation war on tourism development in Zambia and suggests that a detailed examination of major internal and external political events associated with the decolonization process in Zimbabwe could provide important perspectives on the obstacles to tourism development in other African countries.     

Discrimination in public recreation: Attitudes toward and participation of females

Historically, women have been discriminated against in a number of ways. In recreation, the same is true. This study, carried out among Ontario recreation administrators, reveals male‐female differences in wages, responsibility, participation and programs. A number of alternatives and suggestions for change, including both legislation and economic sanction, are given in the report, along with a number of possible directions for future research.     

Towards a geography of tourism

This paper traces the development of geographical interest in tourism during the past half century and examines the range and scope of the geography of tourism. The available literature is reviewed and suggestions are made regarding possible research aveneus and theoretical developments. Six major areas of interest are identified: spatial aspects of supply, spatial aspects of demand, the geography of resorts, patterns of movements and flows, the impact of tourism, and models of tourist space. Through an emphasis on spatial interaction an attempt is made to provide some cohesion and synthesis for this body of knowledge which constitutes the basis of the geography of tourism.     

IMPACT OF AN ECONOMIC CRISIS Evidence from Turkey

This paper evaluates the impact of the 2001 economic crisis on the tourism industry in Turkey. The research findings reveal that neither the government nor private organizations had any plans for dealing with the crisis before or after the event. It had both negative and positive impacts although its benefits were often overlooked. The overall implication of the study is that national culture, the level of economic development of a country, the availability of financial resources, and the ability and knowledge of its government officials and managers of private firms have a direct impact on how such an event is responded to and managed.     

Serious pilgrims and frivolous tourists the chimera of tourism in the pilgrimages of Sri Lanka

Two important and recently developed currents of pilgrimage in Sri Lanka—the appearance at certain sites of fun-loving and raucous Sinhalese youths, and at others of wealthy Tamil Hindus interested in temple architecture—would appear to be well explained by the concept of tourism. On closer inspection, however, this appearance can be shown to be illusory and to disguise the real meaning of these behaviors within indigenous Sri Lankan modalities of pilgrimage. The paper explores the meaning and utility of the terms “tourism” and “pilgrimage,” and concludes by offering a more useful definition of them than the ones our language persuades us to employ.     

Hosts, guests and politics: Coastal Resorts Morphological Change

Resort morphology goes through a predictable sequence of stages: from pre-tourism low through high-density development to an urbanized state. Three elements are considered essential in such coastal resorts change: hosts, guests, and politics. Using historical data from the mass-developed Greek island of Crete, ten principal characteristics are identified as determinants of the morphological change of coastal resorts. A temporal model of unplanned change is also proposed. Although the study was constrained by limited data availability, the proposed model is deemed able to represent the morphological change of Cretan mass-developed coastal resorts.