贸易技术壁垒

贸易技术壁垒 (TechnicalBarrier to Trade,TBT)指能产生贸易障碍的规则、标准 (包括对包装、标志、标签等的要求 )、检测与证明程序和其他非关税壁垒。在贸易技术壁垒协议下 ,WTO成员国就农业和工业产品使用贸易技术壁垒的约束纪律达成了一致。贸易技术壁垒     

技术壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响及应对措施

中国加入WTO后,随着农产品出口的稳步增长,技术壁垒日渐成为影响我国农产品出口的障碍。文章通过对技术壁垒的回顾以及对我国农产品出口遭遇技术壁垒的分析,从利用规则和修炼“内功”两方面提出了我国农产品应对技术壁垒的措施。     

贸易技术壁垒经济分析

本文从国际贸易中技术壁垒的种种表现出发,对贸易技术壁垒的概念进行了新的理论界定;从对进口商品的数量控制和价格控制两个方面分析了贸易技术壁垒的作用机制;并运用局部均衡模型,对贸易技术壁垒的静态经济效应进行了深入剖析.     

技术壁垒的构成及作用机理分析

技术壁垒是各国出口贸易中最复杂、最难对付的障碍。本文在详细阐述技术壁垒的构成基础上,重点分析了技术壁垒对出口贸易的作用机理。     

贸易技术壁垒的理论分析

西方发达国家采取隐蔽性更强、透明度更低、更不易监督和预测的保护性措施——贸易技术壁垒（Technical Barrier to Trade,TBT）,以阻止发展中国家的产品进入本国市场。本文对贸易技术壁垒进行深入分析,以达到成功跨越技术壁垒的目的。     

国外技术壁垒对我国出口的影响及对策

技术壁垒就是各国为了保护本国的利益而设置的进出口障碍,而当前各国已经广泛利用技术壁垒措施来限制出口国贸易,其中我国受国外技术壁垒的影响就较为严重。因此,提高科学技术,积极应对技术壁垒具有重要的意义。本文主要从技术壁垒的概述出发,阐述了国外技术壁垒对我国进出口的影响以及应对措施。     

面对绿色技术壁垒我国如何应对

在我国加入世界贸易组织,关税壁垒逐渐弱化后,技术壁垒作用凸现,关于技术壁垒的论述很多,特别是绿色环保壁垒见诸报端的更多.谈论技术壁垒往往从各自角度出发,都没能结合我国的实际对这些概念作全面科学的定义和分类,笔者对这些问题进行了深入的探索,以期对绿色技术壁垒的讨论和解决有所裨益.     

浙江企业遭遇发达国家实施技术壁垒的影响与对策研究

我国加入世贸组织以来,中国面临的技术壁垒压力更为凸现,技术壁垒对我国商品出口的影响,已成为一个广为关注的现实问题。浙江作为中国的一个外贸大省,面临的技术壁垒也日益严峻。通过对发达国家实施技术壁垒的现实影响与具体应对措施的研究与探讨,旨在提高对于发达国家实施技术壁垒的认识与把握。     

国外技术壁垒对我国出口的影响及对策2

技术壁垒就是各国为了保护本国的利益而设置的进出口障碍,而当前各国已经广泛利用技术壁垒措施来限制出口国贸易,其中我国受国外技术壁垒的影响就较为严重。因此,提高科学技术,积极应对技术壁垒具有重要的意义。本文主要从技术壁垒的概述出发,阐述了国外技术壁垒对我国进出口的影响以及应对措施。     

技术壁垒对浙江省茶叶企业出口的影响探析

近年来,技术壁垒已经成为影响浙江茶叶出口的重要因素。在分析浙江省茶叶企业现状的基础上,对近十年有连续出口记录的32家出口茶叶企业开展调查,运用调查资料分析了技术壁垒对浙江省茶叶企业出口规模、出口结构、出口价格和出口效益的影响,提出了提升浙江省茶叶企业突破技术壁垒的建议。     

How exporting firms respond to technical barriers to trade?

This paper investigates how technical barriers to trade (TBTs) affect firm exports. The implementation of the “child‐resistance” decision (CR decision) in the EU offers an ideal quasi‐natural experiment to identify the causal effect of TBTs on firm performance. Using data on Chinese firms that exported cigarette lighters between 2004 and 2010, we show that firms exporting to the EU not only adjust their product quality to meet the requirements in the CR decision, but also upgrade their product quality in other dimensions. However, both the export value and export volume to the EU decline. At the same time, less productive exporters are forced to exit from the EU market. Lastly, heterogeneous effects of the CR decision are documented.     

Future rent-seeking and current public savings

The conventional wisdom is that politicians' rent-seeking motives increase public debt and deficits. This is because myopic politicians face political risk and prefer to extract political rents as early as possible. In this paper we study the determination of government debt and deficits in a dynamic political economy model. We show that this conventional wisdom relies on economic volatility being low relative to political uncertainty. If economic volatility is high relative to political uncertainty, then a rent-seeking government actually over-saves and over-taxes along the equilibrium path relative to a benevolent government. This result emerges because of the option value of rent-seeking: a rent-seeking government over-values future funds because of the possibility of using them for future rents instead of cutting taxes in the event of a future boom (when marginal utility of private consumption is low). This over-saving bias is temporary since, in the long run, the rent-seeking government over-borrows relative to the benevolent government as it eventually squanders the funds it has accumulated. We find that both the under-saving and over-saving bias of the government can be solved by a rule of capping deficits.     

Future rent-seeking and current public savings

The conventional wisdom is that politicians' rent-seeking motives increase public debt and deficits. This is because myopic politicians face political risk and prefer to extract political rents as early as possible. In this paper we study the determination of government debt and deficits in a dynamic political economy model. We show that this conventional wisdom relies on economic volatility being low relative to political uncertainty. If economic volatility is high relative to political uncertainty, then a rent-seeking government actually over-saves and over-taxes along the equilibrium path relative to a benevolent government. This result emerges because of the option value of rent-seeking: a rent-seeking government over-values future funds because of the possibility of using them for future rents instead of cutting taxes in the event of a future boom (when marginal utility of private consumption is low). This over-saving bias is temporary since, in the long run, the rent-seeking government over-borrows relative to the benevolent government as it eventually squanders the funds it has accumulated. We find that both the under-saving and over-saving bias of the government can be solved by a rule of capping deficits.     

The application of lean supply in local government: the Belfast experiments

This paper examines the feasibility of the introduction of lean supply within local government through three experiments relating to live contracts, which demonstrate that lean supply is compatible with local government purchasing as a value added strategy. The paper concludes that most aspects of lean supply are applicable, although some adaptation of the model is required to remove characteristics specific to manufacturing and provide a better cultural fit with the legal and political context of local government. It is suggested that a local government model of lean supply should be considered in the context of the Labour government’s Best Value proposals.     

Endogenous tariffs and trade adjustment assistance

This paper examines whether trade adjustment assistance is an effective tool for blunting political opposition to trade liberalization. The traditional argument is that adjustment assistance bribes labor unions so that they will accept reduced tariff protection. In this way, a trade adjustment assistance program should help the government lower tariffs and increase social welfare. This paper introduces trade adjustment assistance into a political economy model of endogenous tariff formation. The model shows that adjustment assistance reduces policy makers’ incentives to press for trade liberalization and may slow down the pace of reform and lower social welfare under certain plausible conditions.     

Doing business in Poland: What U.S. managers need to know

Poland has been and continues to be the leader of the transition economies of Eastern Europe. This study provides an in‐depth look at the ongoing economic, legal, and administrative policies of the Polish government in laying the ground‐work for a free‐market society. With the smaller business in mind, we first examine how the government of Poland moved decisively to lay the cornerstone for a private‐sector economy. Next, we demonstrate how Poland redirected its political and legal processes for long‐term global business. Finally, we describe what the U.S. government is doing to help Poland become a better trading partner and what this means to interested American firms. While there are many deep‐seated positive changes throughout Poland as it becomes a more significant global business player, there also are many challenges that must be understood by interested U.S. businesses if their investments in Poland are to be successful. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Political Connection,Bank Credits and Growth: Evidence from Turkey

The pervasive existence of government‐owned banks in emerging economies is often justified by their provision of access to credit in remote and underdeveloped regions that are ignored by private banks. This paper analyses whether credits provided by government‐owned and private banks have a significant role in regional growth and whether this role changes in politically connected areas in Turkey. Our findings imply that private banks significantly improve the economic well‐being in all Turkish provinces regardless of their development level or their political connection with the ruling party. However, credits by government‐owned banks are found to be positively related to the per capita growth rate only in the less developed provinces that are advocates of the ruling political party and also developed but not politically connected provinces. These results suggest that government‐owned bank credits, as implied by the political view, are used for funding politically desirable projects or politically connected borrowers.     

Endogenous trade policy and lobby formation: an application to the free-rider problem

This paper develops a model in which tariffs are determined through bargaining between a utility maximizing policy maker and an industry lobby. Individual firms only contribute to the lobbying effort if it is in their own self-interest so that both trade policies and lobby formation are endogenous. By introducing bargaining between the industry and the government, the paper provides microfoundations for the tariff-formation function approach taken by many authors in the political economy literature. Applied to the free-rider problem, the model identifies general conditions under which increasing the number of firms in an industry makes cooperation between them more difficult.     

Political Marketing Segmentation–The Case of UK Local Government

SUMMARY

This article considers the nature and use of segmentation in political marketing. The importance of an awareness of political marketing at a more local level will become particularly important with the onset of regional government. The article particularly concerned with segmentation in local government where there has been little empirical research. The results of a survey amongst local government officers are presented. The article concludes that a significant minority of local government officers use segmentation. The key factors facilitating the use of segmentation were found to be education, experience, the role of the chief executive and central government pressure.