双渠道供应链库存协调的回购策略

在双渠道供应链中,制造商既通过传统零售渠道又通过网络直销渠道将产品销售给最终消费者。因此,制造商既是零售商的供应商同时又是其直接竞争者,为了避免“渠道冲突”他们之间需要建立协调机制。考虑由单一制造商和单一零售商组成的双渠道供应链。在两个渠道都面临随机需求的条件下,对两渠道之间的库存协调和利益分配问题展开研究。结果表明,在仅由零售商做出集中库存决策的模式下,引入回购策略能够同时解决双渠道供应链的库存协调和利益分配问题。最后,通过数值分析进一步验证结论。     

基于渠道竞争的双渠道供应链低碳协调策略

针对由一个制造商和一个零售商构成的双渠道供应链,将渠道竞争和产品的低碳性能引入消费者的非线性需求中,通过构建制造商为主导者的Stackelberg博弈模型,对比分析了分散决策和集中决策下的最优定价、碳排放水平和成员利润,并采用价格折扣-成本分摊契约实现了供应链的协调。研究结果表明:在分散决策和集中决策两种情况下,渠道竞争程度的增加均会造成碳排放水平、供应链利润和消费者效用的降低;集中决策下的直销价格大于分散决策下的直销价格,集中决策下的零售价格小于分散决策下的零售价格。最后通过算例验证了以上结论和协调机制的有效性。     

两供应商单零售商的货架展示量与定价决策模型

本文从零售商的角度,首先分析了零售商自身利润最大化的分散式决策,然后分别研究了供应链系统利润最大化、供应商和零售商联盟下的渠道利润最大化的集中式决策模型。进而提出了与展示量和零售价格相关的批发价加补贴合同,得到协调零售商的分散式决策,达到与系统利润最大化决策一致的结果。     

Advance selling of new products to strategic consumers on flash sale platforms*

Flash sale (FS) is a new business model that offers discounted products in limited numbers over a short period. In this paper we discuss the impact of strategic consumers on advance selling (AS) of new products on FS platforms. We first study the impact of strategic consumers on competing retailers adopting AS to sell a homogeneous new product. And find that the retailers’ AS profits and inventory quantities decrease with the strategic customers’ valuation and valuation decreasing rate. Then we analyse whether FS can mitigate the impact of strategic customers on retailers adopting AS for new products. We consider a newsvendor model involving only one retailer adopting AS to sell a new product. We derive the results by comparing this model with two counterpart models, namely the classical newsvendor model with no strategic customers and a newsvendor model with strategic customers where the retailer does not use FS under AS.     

不对称信息的供应链激励机制研究

研究由单个制造商和单个零售商组成二级供应链,基于市场需求是线性的,且受价格与销售努力的影响。首先,研究在对称信息下,集中模式和分散模式两种情况下的供应链,求出制造商和零售商使得利润达到最优时的最优批发价及销售价;其次,研究了在信息不对称情况下,制造商的机制设计问题,得到了制造商激励批发价的表达式以及零售商的最优零售价的公式;最后利用实例仿真对模型进行分析,结果表明该激励机制对整个供应链的收益有改善作用。     

Optimal structure of joint inventory-pricing management with dual suppliers and different lead times

We consider a joint inventory-pricing control problem in a single-product, periodic-review, dual-supplier inventory system. The two suppliers have different lead times. One expedited supplier offers instantaneous replenishment, and one regular supplier requires an L-period lead time for delivery. The supply quantity is stochastic and the demand is price-dependent. For the expedited inventory replenishment, we characterize the optimal policy as a state-dependent almost-threshold policy by extending the stochastically linear in mid-point to a multidimensional setting. To investigate the optimal regular inventory replenishment and pricing policy, we propose the notions of partially stochastic translation (PST) and increasing partially stochastic translation (IPST), which help in obtaining the antimultimodularity preservation in dynamic programming problems. We provide properties, sufficient conditions, and examples for PST and IPST functions. By applying PST and IPST, we obtain the antimultimodularity of the profit functions. The antimultimodular profit functions ensure that the optimal regular ordering quantity and the optimal price are monotone in the current inventory level and outstanding order quantities. Moreover, we reveal that as the time interval increases, the effects of previous outstanding orders on the optimal regular ordering and pricing decisions are decreasing and increasing, respectively. PST and IPST also enable us to further characterize the optimal expedited ordering quantity as decreasing in the inventory level. However, the optimal expedited ordering quantity can be non-monotone with respect to the outstanding order quantities, as shown in the example.     

销售商成本信息不对称下的两阶段供应链协调

以往的文章研究了由单个供应商和单个销售商组成的供应链协调问题,给出了双方合作时的供应链协调模型,这些都是以信息共享为基础,但是现实中信息不对称使得供应链协调模型的有效性受到了冲击。为避免这种现象的发生,论文在双方合作的基础上建立了供应链双方在需求信息不对称情形下的协调模型。该模型在供应链双方协商分享供应链利润的条件下,运用激励机制使销售商诚实申报成本信息,在实现供应链利润最大化的同时使供应链成员实现双赢。     

The impact of corporate social responsibility associations on trust in organic products marketed by mainstream retailers: a study of Italian consumers

This paper investigates the determinants of consumer attitudes toward organic products marketed by mainstream retailers under a private label. Since organic products are credence goods, consumers cannot directly verify whether these products comply with official standards. Organic labels are the primary source of consumer trust in organics, but these labels must be noticed and understood before consumers will actively seek them out. In that some consumers may not prioritize product labels when they shop, it is sometimes up to retailers to strengthen consumer trust. Within the antecedents of this trust, we isolated the contribution of the corporate social responsibility associations held by consumers about retailers. We surveyed Italian customers interested in organics and found that they are more likely to trust the private‐label organic products sold by a retailer when it is considered socially responsible. Our results also show that consumer trust translates into brand loyalty and a willingness to pay a premium price for organic products. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

考虑顾客惰性时的供应链定价与存货决策研究

本文研究了存在顾客惰性时的零售商的最优定价与存货决策问题。假定产品的销售分为正常销售阶段和清仓处理阶段,顾客在确定最优购买时机时会战略性地比较提前购买和延迟购买时获得的期望效用,同时顾客也可能存在延迟购买的消费惰性。利用理性预期均衡分析,分析了存在顾客惰性时零售商的最优定价与存货数量,并且比较了战略顾客行为下和顾客惰性下的零售商的最优定价和存货数量的关系。研究表明,顾客惰性的存在减少了零售商的期望利润,降低了零售商的最优销售价格,同时也降低了零售商的最优存货数量。     

The role of physical distribution services as determinants of product returns in Internet retailing

Pressure continues to build on Internet retailers to squeeze out inefficiencies from their day-to-day operations. One major source of such inefficiencies is product returns. Indeed, product returns in Internet retailing have been shown to be, on average, as high as 22% of sales. Yet, most retailers accept them as a necessary cost of doing business. This is not surprising since many retailers do not have a clear understanding of the causes of product returns. While it is known that return policies of retailers, along with product attributes, are two important factors related to product return incidents, little is known about which aspects of the online retail transaction make such a purchase more return-prone. In the current study, we seek to address this issue. We use a large data set of customer purchases and returns to identify how process attributes in physical distribution service (PDS) influence product returns. The first attribute involves perceptions of scarcity conditions in inventory availability among consumers when retailers reveal to consumers information on inventory levels for the products that they intend to buy. Our results show that orders in which items are sold when these conditions are revealed to shoppers have a higher likelihood of being returned than orders in which these conditions are not revealed. While prior research has argued that inventory scarcity perceptions have an effect on purchases, our findings suggest that they are also related to the likelihood of these purchases being returned. The second attribute involves the reliability in the delivery of orders to consumers. We find that the likelihood of orders being returned depends on the consistency between retailer promises of timeliness in the delivery of orders and the actual delivery performance of the orders. Moreover, we find that the effect that consistency in the delivery has in the likelihood of returns, is stronger for orders that involve promises for expedited delivery than for orders with less expeditious promises. That is, although the occurrence of returns depends on the delays in the delivery of orders to consumers relative to the initial promises made by the retailers, this effect is more notable for orders that involve promises of fast delivery.     

A coordination mechanism through value-added profit distribution in a supply chain considering corporate social responsibility

The consumers pay more and more attention to corporate social responsibility (CSR), which has been a new competitiveness for the enterprises. This paper constructs a supply chain consisting of a dominated retailer, a socially responsible supplier and a non-socially responsible supplier (compared with the socially responsible supplier), consider the consumer preference and exploit the game analysis technique to analyze the optimal decisions under the decentralized and concentrated decision, and then design a coordination mechanism based on value-added profit distribution. The results show that compared with the decentralized decision, the retail price and order quantity of two products are lower, the CSR effort degree of socially responsible supplier is higher, and the performance of the whole supply chain is better under the concentrated decision. In addition, the mechanism designed can induce the socially responsible supplier to undertake CSR without damaging its profit, prompt the supply chain members to make the concentrated decisions, and promote the competitiveness of the retailer-dominated supply chain.     

基于策略型消费者的预售策略研究

季节性易逝品的销售期短,并且残值低,这类产品可以采用预售策略.考虑消费者估价不确定性及消费者的策略性行为,对预售策略的定价及库存进行了研究.同时优化了预售价格及实物销售价格,得到了当消费者的估值分布满足一定的条件时的最优价格,并通过建立报童模型,得到了最优的产量及利润.通过预售与不预售两种策略的比较,得到了销售商采取预售策略的充分条件.最后,对模型进行了数值分析.     

随机需求下基于增量返利合同的供应链协调

基于单个制造商和单个零售商组成的两级供应链进行研究,比较了分散决策与集中决策对供应链利润的影响,分析了供应链协调的重要性,建立了增量返利激励的供应链合作模型。最后通过数值算例说明了所建立的协同机制可以使分散的供应链系统达到了和集中式供应链系统相同的绩效,系统实现了帕累托的改进,实现供应链成员的利益共享。     

大型联合企业备件库存控制策略研究

建立了零备件库存两级多点存储模式的最佳备件库存模型,给出了总库存成本（库存成本与转运成本之和）最小时的各库存点与仓库的最优订货策略的求解算法,提出了以服务水平为约束,以库存成本和转运成本最小为目标的规划模型．给出了已知订货批量,求最优订货点的算法,并通过实际应用验证了该算法的有效性。     

基于延期支付和价格折扣策略的易变质物品库存模型

在资金具有时值、供应商给零售商提供定期信用支付和价格折扣的支付策略条件下,讨论了需求跟价格相关、变质率为常数的易变质物品库存问题,建立了优化补货周期和销售策略的库存模型,目的是极大化平均总利润。分析了模型最优解的存在性和唯一性,并给出数值实验。     

Retail market structure and the threat by the manufacturer to sell goods directly to the consumer

When a manufacturer and its retailers and consumers are spatially separated, the retailers’ market size may be limited by the manufacturer who provides consumers with an option to purchase goods directly from them. The manufacturer uses this tactic to increase profit when a few retailers dominate the market. The mill price of a manufacturer, that is, the price of the good at delivery from a manufacturer’s factory, is critical under these circumstances.If the manufacturer charges a franchise fee, thus absorbing the retailer’s profit, this fee is a function of the mill price. Mill price policy can be used to maximize profit on the sale of goods and collection of the franchise fee. The resulting retail market structure becomes preferable for the manufacturer and consumers since the manufacturer’s profit is larger, as is the quantity purchased, compared with a competitive equilibrium in which every firm entering the market area is assumed to move its location instantly without cost.     

需求信息不对称下的供应链协调

分析了单供应商和单零售商组成的供应链在需求信息不对称下的协调问题。当市场规模和价格敏感系数同时预测偏差时．为使供应链收益最大,提出了调整生产计划和零售价格的协调机制。进一步证明了利用数量折扣机制可协调需求预测偏差下的分权供应链．而且该机制还实现了供应链收益在供应商和零售商间的任意分配。最后进行了实例分析。     

Direct Marketing in Oligopoly

We consider a game in which symmetric manufacturers decide whether to set up sites (e.g., web sites) where consumers can buy their products directly. Following this decision, the manufacturers choose quantities to sell to the retailers, and then the manufacturers with direct‐sales sites and retailers choose quantities to sell to the consumers. We show that since an increase in the number of retailers may drive the direct‐selling manufacturers from the retail market, it may raise the retailers’ profit and reduce social welfare. Finally, we discuss two cases: an oligopolistic wholesale market and a market with price competition and differentiated products.     

网络消费者满意度的影响因素分析

网络营销是建立在互联网技术之上、借助互联网特性实现的以盈利为目的的一种营销手段。它与传统营销相比,主要是借助互联网作为销售工具来进行一系列的营销活动在最初的起步阶段到现在逐渐成熟,它比传统营销有着绝对优势。互联网的普及推动了电子商务的发展,在我国,互联网起步较晚,但是近年来随着人们生活水平以及各种观念的提高,互联网行业得到突飞猛进的发展,相应的我国的网络营销伴随着网络的发展而与日俱增,更加完善。网络消费者购买商品主要受自己对商品的认知,更主要是在购买商品后形成的满意程度,如果消费者在第一次的购买过程达到自己的满意则会加大消费者的重复购买率。反之,消费者在购买过程中的满意度降低,则严重影响消费者的二次购买。     

Supply chain finance: A three-party decision model with suppliers' guarantees for retailers

Under the premise that financing constraints frequently occur in the supply chain, this paper investigates the financing model of the supplier providing guarantee for the retailer under symmetric and asymmetric information. The optimal solutions of the retailer, the supplier, and the bank are studied by using the Stackelberg game. Results show that increasing the supplier's guarantee proportion can effectively improve the bank's reasonable margin rate and increase the supplier's profit. Under the condition of asymmetric information, the bank can increase the probability of credit loan in the supply chain by reducing the cost of spot check and setting up a reasonable fine limit.