封闭式创新和开放式创新模式研究

从美国最早的封闭式创新模式，经过多年的发展，到目前已经发展到了开放式创新模式阶段。在开放式创新模式下，创新不再以传统的方式进行，而是发展成为一种全局性的活动。开放式创新体系将吸纳更多的创新要素，形成以创新利益相关者为基准的多主体创新模式。通过对封闭式创新模式和开放式模式的研究，可以看出开放式创新将是中国企业技术创新的学习方向。     

企业选用创新模式的影响因素

企业创新模式的开放性与封闭性是相对的，没有绝对的封闭式创新，也没有绝对的开放式创新，它们之间仅是程度的差异。开放式创新与封闭式创新也没有绝对的优劣之分，两种创新模式都有自己适用的条件。企业对创新模式的选用，建立在对企业内外部影响创新的主要因素的缜密分析基础之上。     

封闭式创新与开放式创新：原则比较与案例分析

随着各种破坏性因素的出现，20世纪80年代以前企业通用的创新模式——封闭式创新逐渐瓦解，一种新的创新模式——开放式创新正在兴起。IBM、美的等企业正在从这种新的创新模式中获益。     

开放式系统创新模式研究——以天士力集团为例

20世纪末创新环境的改变促使企业创新模式从"封闭式创新"走向"开放式创新",从单纯的"技术创新"走向全面的"系统创新"。本文认为,开放式创新是系统创新的重要保障,而系统创新为开放式创新提供了平台,因此,企业技术创新模式应兼具开放性和系统性特征,从而提出"开放式系统创新"模式的概念,其作用机制是借助系统支撑将外生要素转化为内生能力。最后,选取我国现代中药产业的天士力集团作为案例,按照"环境—战略—行为—绩效"的分析范式,针对其创新模式实践及效果展开研究,对加快我国企业自主创新进程有一定启发。     

网络组织下企业经济租金综合范式观

企业经济租金是解释企业价值创造和获取超额利润的重要工具。在网络组织的情境下,强调租金内生性或租金外生性的传统租金范式已经不能合理解释企业结网协作获取竞争优势的现实。这些范式的一元主义已经制约了对经济租金范式全面的理解和诠释。本文基于科学哲学和社会理论维度对经济租金进行理论分维,并提炼出知识租金这一综合范式观。知识租金认为企业内外部的异质性知识是经济租金的源泉,企业可以通过开放式创新来获取租金。通过开放式创新模式和封闭式创新模式下经济租金的对比分析,论证了知识租金的有效性。     

创新安全培训方式方法 提高企业安全培训质量

目前安全培训方法主要是沿袭传统的培训方法，“教师讲，学员听”，从培训手段看，多数还是“一张讲台，一支粉笔，一块黑板，最多用点PPT播放一下”的传统手段，运用现代多媒体技术开展培训还不普遍。创新安全培训方式方法，提高企业安全培训质量势在必行。根据成人教育的特点，变单向式灌输为双向性互动培训，变单项理论培训为理论实践并重，变传统培训方式为现代化培训，变“封闭式”培训为“开放式”培训，不断推陈出新，推动安全生产培训工作健康发展。     

建筑企业扁平化开放式现代管理模式研究

当代管理的一个重要特点是创新，为了实现创新建筑企业需要一个适应时代特点的全新企业化，即开放平等的气氛、高效的企业组织结构和团结协作的企业化，形成一个新的扁平化开放式现代管理模式。对传统管理模式和现代管理模式进行了比较。建筑企业采用扁平化开放式现代管理模式，企业效益必将得到极大地提高。     

基于开放式创新模式的企业知识产权管理

开放式创新强调外部知识资源对于企业创新过程的重要性.开放式创新为企业带来创新效益的同时,也在企业知识产权管理的理念、产权主体、知识资产、管理成本和管理风险等方面造成了一系列的影响.开放式创新模式下,企业的知识产权管理应该采用开放战略,进行自主创新和制度更新,建立合作共享机制和风险控制机制.     

企业资产重组

一、资产重组的概念界定近几年来，特别是党的十五大召开后，企业资产重组之势方兴未艾，重组方式不断创新。所谓资产重组，简单说就是对企业的资产边界进行重新划分，对企业的生产要素进行重新配置。资产重组有封闭式与开放式之分。封闭式重组是指在企业系统内部进行的体...     

选择什么样的基金进行投资好？

1．封闭式基金与开放式基金。开放式基金是一个长线投资品种．如果着眼长远．应该买开放式基金：如果想短期获利，封闭式基金就比较好一点，近来封闭式基金短期大涨就是一个很好的例子。     

增强Linux系统安全性的措施

L inux系统的安全取决于系统管理员如何来管理它。本文探讨了一系列可以增强安全性的技巧与策略 ,包括 :系统安装原则、BIOS安全、口令安全策略、设计帐户自动注销功能、文件系统和日志安全策略、使用 SSH及 TCP-WRAPPERS,隐藏系统信息、删除所有特殊帐户、关闭控制台程序、限制系统中的 SUID/ SGID程序等。本文最后向 L inux系统管理员提出了一些安全管理方面的建议     

Comparing FTTH access networks based on P2P and PMP fibre topologies

There is an ongoing discussion in the market which Next Generation Access (NGA) architecture best suits future needs and which investment and cost differences exist. The discussion can be subsumed as P2P vs. GPON, which is somewhat misleading as this article reveals. The discussion is driven by the fact that the high capital cost and the long asset life time of fibre mean that the technology choices made today will dominate the opportunities for telecommunication business of all market players, incumbents, competitors, content providers and business and residential users for many years in the future.The paper analyzes the cost and other differences between Fibre-to-the-Home (FTTH) access network architectures and their related different wholesale approaches by using the well-known and understood steady state approach applied in other NGA analyses in the past. In addition to the steady state analysis a dynamic cost evaluation is included taking into account the different investment behaviour of the FTTH architectures over time. The results describe investment and cost differences between architectures, incumbents and wholesale based competitive operators. The analysis has been performed for different geotypes (clusters) of decreasing population density in a representative European settlement structure.     

CIS与现代企业管理美学

概括性介绍了 ＣＩＳ（Ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅ Ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ）的三大基本组成，并阐述了它与现代企业管理密不可分的相互联系及所处的举足轻重的地位，指出导入ＣＩＳ是现代企业谋求发展的重要手段。     

Divergent patterns of engagement in Internet standardization: Japan,Korea and China

This article analyzes the engagement of Japanese, Korean and Chinese participants in the development of Internet standards at IETF on the basis of four quantitative metrics: attendance, patenting, authorship and leadership. The results are strikingly divergent. Japanese involvement in Internet standardization began early and Japan was, for many years, second only to the U.S. in terms of IETF participation. Though Japanese participation has declined since the early 2000s, Japan remains a major contributor to IETF standardization. Korean involvement in IETF has always been significant, but below the levels of Japan and major European countries. Korean participation in IETF has also declined over the past decade, and has been dominated by one firm, Samsung. Though meaningful Chinese involvement in IETF did not begin until the mid-2000s, it has rapidly expanded in recent years. Today, China is a major player in numerous areas of Internet standardization in terms of three metrics (participation, patenting and leadership), and is rapidly gaining in terms of document authorship as well. Most of China׳s recent IETF involvement can be attributed to Huawei, though other Chinese firms have recently begun to increase their participation in the organization. Thus, contrary to some views that China׳s engagement with standardization is primarily one of indigenous innovation and “catching up”, China׳s experience with IETF demonstrates deliberate and effective engagement with a major Western standards-development organization on its own terms.     

快速成形技术的应用及热点分析

基于快速成形技术的原理,展示了快速成形技术在快速模具制造、金属零件直接成形、反求工程等领域的广泛应用,总结了快速成形制造技术研究的热点,即研发新材料和新设备、提高成形精度、建立RPM的反求工程系统、建立成形技术的统一标准和扩大成形技术的应用领域。     

Whose Image is it Anyway?: Some Considerations of the Curricular Importance of Subject Image in Secondary School Design and Technology Education

This paper explores the idea that a sense of school subject image is a necessary feature of curriculum management and a potent force for change. The discussion centres on the view that all school subjects have an image and that if those intimately involved with the subject do not control the image then someone else does! In such circumstances the image is the product of past encounters and old euphemisms and is unlikely to hold the changed realities.The UK developments in Design and Technology education (the term Design and Technology is used to denote the school subject defined under this heading by the UK National Curriculum, 1995) have created something of an image problem which has interesting international parallels. Some of these problems are due to clearly discernible internal tensions and an ambiguous relationship with other subject areas.Through greater attention to subject image internal controversies might be acknowledged and resolved, relationships with other subject areas can be more meaningfully understood and practitioners can be helped to make sense of curriculum change.     

Indigenous peoples’ nutrition transition in a right to food perspective

In indigenous communities the nutrition transition characterized by a rapid westernization of diet and lifestyle is associated with rising prevalence of chronic disease. Field work and literature reviews from two different policy environments, Argentina (Jujuy) and Canada (Nunavut), identified factors that add to indigenous peoples’ disease risk. The analytical framework was the emerging human right to adequate food approach to policies and programmes. Indigenous peoples’ chronic disease risk tends to increase as a result of government policies that infringe on indigenous peoples’ livelihoods and territories, undermining their economic system, values and solidarity networks. Policies intended to increase food security, including food aid, may also fuel the nutrition transition. There is a need to explore further the connection between well-intended policies towards indigenous peoples and the development of chronic diseases, and to broaden the understanding of the role that different forms of discrimination play in the westernization of their lifestyles, values and food habits. Food policies that take due account of indigenous peoples’ human rights, including their right to enjoy their culture, may counteract the growth of chronic disease in these communities.     

Diffusion and usage of public e-services in Europe: An assessment of country level indicators and drivers

We analyze the state of the art of indicators on e-government, e-health, e-procurement and e-participation. We survey the main methodological properties of these indicators, and highlight their heuristic potential. Further, we address empirically the issue of the explanation of the availability scores, i.e. how the supply of the various e-services in each country is affected by political, institutional and socio-economic differences, and is followed by actual usage. The econometric analysis uncovers the importance of broadband penetration and higher education as drivers for most of the types of e-services and users (citizens and businesses). Moreover, a corruption-free and agile public sector proves to be an important pre-condition for more effective supply and usage. Despite data limitations and the complexity of the underlying diffusion phenomena, our study is the first truly longitudinal contribution aimed at disentangling the common drivers of such an important phenomenon – the e-services availability and usage across European countries. As such, this work appears useful to inform the policy debate and practice, in a phase characterized by a prospective reorientation of the public e-services provision and policy agenda.     

一种高精度的频率标准比对系统

频率标准源可以提供精确的标准频率,在测定频率标准源的各项性能指标时,要求测试系统必须具有很高的比对精度。所设计的频率标准比对系统采取多级倍频 混频方式使频率偏差逐级扩大后再测量,从而避免了直接进行高次倍频的困难,提高了测量精度,可以对高精度的频率标准的准确度、长短期频率稳定度进行快速测量,是一种高精度时畴参数测量系统。     

HSE走进中国石油

企业管理水平的好坏直接影响着企业的经济效益,运用HSE管理能提高企业管理水平,HSE管理模式将健康,安全,环境三者视为一个有机的整体。HSE管理认为人的安全是第一位的,人是创造财富的原动力,是企业的最大财产,HSE管理体系强调的是“蝴蝶效应”。