中国城镇居民的劳动供给行为——倒S型劳动供给曲线在中国城镇劳动力市场上的实证检验

依据2002年中国家庭收入项目(CHIP)数据,本文应用微观经济计量方法估计了城镇居民的就业方程和工作时间方程。研究结果表明,随着教育年限的增加,个体就业概率不断增加;随着家庭其他收入的增加,个体就业倾向逐渐降低,工作时间逐渐减少;随着家庭人口数的增加,就业个体的工作时间逐渐增加。低收入群体女性和男性工作时间的工资弹性分别为-0.3237和-0.3167,而女性中高收入群体工作时间的工资弹性为0.1429,说明倒S型劳动供给曲线在2002年中国城镇劳动力市场是存在的。因此,政府部门应结合经济发展水平适时地提高最低工资标准,完善社会保障制度,同时加大对低收入群体教育和培训投入力度,促进低收入群体社会福利水平的改善。     

Families and firms: Agency costs and labor market imperfections in Sialkot's surgical industry

The family firm is generally viewed as an organizational solution to agency costs in the labor market for managers and institutional underdevelopment. Consistent with this view, this paper links the preponderance of family firms in the surgical instrument industry of Sialkot to the prevailing agency and institutional problems. However, strong dependence on family management coupled with restrictions on family size constrains the firms from optimally choosing management size. The resulting labor market distortion is manifested by a significant positive correlation between the founder's family size and the firm size such that the founders who have more brothers (a larger pool of potential managers) end up with bigger firms.     

非农就业、母亲照料与儿童健康——来自中国乡村的证据

中国农村女性参与非农就业的比例显著提高,对于增进家庭收入、减少贫困起到了积极的作用。但从女性在家庭中的双重身份——挣取收入者和照看孩子的主要人员出发,其劳动模式和供给行为的改变对于下一代福利的影响和人力资本的积累所起到的作用却是不确定的。本文通过将农村地区妇女的劳动供给状况进行区分,就其劳动参与行为对孩童健康状况的影响进行了探讨。在控制其他因素的情况下,母亲额外单位的劳动时间的增加对孩子的健康状况具有显著的负向影响,且同样的母亲非农劳动时间的增加对于孩童健康的负面影响大于农业劳动时间增加的影响程度,而母亲收入增加对孩子健康状况具有显著的正向影响;边际效果分析表明母亲收入增加对孩子健康的正向影响难以抵销劳动时间增加所带来的负面效果。孩子性别不同所受到的影响亦不同,女童相对而言处于健康的劣势地位。虽然母亲的劳动供给有助于缩小孩子营养状况的性别差距,但却是以所有儿童的健康状况下降为代价的。研究结果预期具有较强的政策含义。     

发展中国家劳工标准的演进路径——对“社会倾销”指责的一种经济学解析

中国等发展中国家经常因低劳工标准而被指责为“社会倾销” ,而发展中国家则反对将劳工标准问题与贸易挂钩。本文提供了一种解释发展中国家劳工标准演进的框架。本文认为发展中国家的劳工标准必然经历一个逐步提升的过程 ,在此过程中市场机制对于劳工标准的改变有重要作用。发展中国家的劳动力由于劳动边际生产率低而向国外流动 ,同时外国资本也进入发展中国家 ,在此过程中劳工标准得到提高 ,而并不需要国际组织的外力干预。这个分析具有重要的政策含义。     

经济开放对国内劳动力流动影响的新经济地理学解析

本研究在劳动力流动理论的基础上,从新经济地理学角度,阐明了改革开放以后,在中西部经济向东部集聚过程中,经济开放因素对国内劳动力流动的作用,并归纳出三条作用机制:经济开放通过促进区域经济集聚、提高实际工资和增加就业对国内劳动力流动产生作用。运用工具变量2SLS方法并使用中国1990～2005年面板数据对上述三条机制进行了经验检验,结论表明:经济开放对劳动力流动有直接的促进作用,但不太显著,对外贸易的作用大于FDI的作用效果;经济开放通过影响集聚程度、实际工资差距和就业差距来促进劳动力流动的间接影响效果明显,且开放通过影响就业差距而对劳动流动产生的促进作用最大,通过影响实际工资差距的机制次之,通过影响集聚程度的渠道再次。     

经济地理与地区间工资差异

地区间收入差距究竟可以在多大程度上由需求的空间分布差异来解释?本文基于新经济地理学模型,利用1997年中国区域间投入产出表的流量数据,通过引力模型计算了衡量各地级城市空间需求大小的市场准入,并以此解释地级城市间的职工工资差异。本文发现:(1)各地级城市的市场准入差异极大;(2)工资对市场准入的弹性系数为0.22—0.32之间。基于上述实证依据,本文认为,各地级城市的市场准入差异是其工资差距存在的重要原因,而市场准入差异是劳动力流动的不充分性所产生的。     

基于有限理性智能体的生态经济模型

From the view of hominine bounded rationalities, this paper analyzes the important relationships between ecology and economics with behavioral finance. With a different focus, this paper adopts a new conceptualization of stock to show how this conceptualization leads to a new measure of the interaction between ecology and economics, based on bounded rational agents. The hierarchical structure of ecological economic system is described with a multi-agent simulation program. This paper also develops an ecological economic model, in which behavioral finance theories are applied to simulating the dynamics system. With the model, this paper confirms that macro-level indicators of sustainability are predictably influenced by behaviors of bounded rational agents at the micro-level. We discuss the significance of these findings in order to better understand the ecological-economic system based on behavioral finance.     

The Ecological Economic Model Based on Bounded Rational Agents

I. Introduction Ecology is a newly emergent subject. Stemming from natural history and evolutionary biology, ecology came into being at the beginning of the 20th century. Ecology has been strug- gling for its existence as a science, which has involved a s…     

二元经济结构下最低工资的就业效应研究——基于劳动力市场的视角

现阶段我国整体就业形势不容乐观,分析最低工资对就业的影响具有重要的现实意义。通过对我国劳动力市场分割条件下最低工资的就业效应进行实证分析发现,最低工资对竞争性行业劳动力市场（城市二级劳动力市场）就业有显著的正面影响,对行政垄断行业劳动力市场（城市一级劳动力市场）就业的正面影响则很小。因此,根据我国劳动力市场的具体情况,合理设置最低工资标准有利于促进就业。     

Will Deregulating the Labor Market in Australia Improve the Employment COnditions of Women?

This article traces the development of policies designed to reduce gender workforce inequality in Australia. In contrast to earlier centralized and collective approaches, current strategy is founded on individualism and direct workplace bargaining. The location of reform is now the enterprise, with direct bargaining replacing collective standards. Current policy developments have seen gender subsumed under market imperfections and family responsibilities. These policies will remove many of the safeguards of minimum pay and conditions for women workers, especially those who are most vulnerable. When combined with the growth of "nonstandard" jobs the picture is bleak for many workers, especially the low paid. The onus for corrective action now rests with individual employees and workplace managers, with trade unions being marginalized. The authors suggest that a continuation of the current policy will wind back the clock on the employment conditions of women workers in Australia.     

Gender Roles and Labor Use Strategies: Women's Part-Time Work in the European Union

Progress towards equal opportunities is critically dependent upon the development of a more equal and more balanced allocation of time in both paid and unpaid work. Gender divisions relating to working time arise primarily from differences in gender divisions within the household but the extent and form that these gender divisions take in the labor market are moderated or mediated by national working-time regimes. These regimes are found to be extremely diverse across Europe with very different implications for gender equality. Current interests in greater flexibility in working time are leading to pressures to changes in working-time regimes and to an increase in the extent of unsocial hours working. The strategies adopted to meet these pressures may vary by country and sector but the restructuring of working time is also likely to be influenced by gender factors and divisions. The result may be increasing differentiation by both gender and class. Progress towards equality requires a renewal of interest in reducing standard working hours and a questioning of the current assumption that increasing unsocial hours working is essential for competitiveness.     

GLOBALIZATION AND WOMEN'S PAID WORK: EXPANDING FREEDOM?

In Development as Freedom , Amartya Sen takes expanding freedom to be the primary end and the principal means of development. I discuss his emphasis on women's agency as central to development theory and practice and the strategies he advocates for enhancing it. Recent work in feminist economics and postcolonial studies tests Sen's complex account of freedom. Further levels of complexity need to be added when we examine how global forces of power interact with local systems of oppression in ways that often limit women's freedom. This argument rests on an analysis of how globalization affects a domain of freedom that is a central concern for Sen, that of increasing women's freedom to work outside the home as a way of strengthening their agency. Attending to elements missing in Sen's account will enhance freedom in women's lives.     

Economic inequality in Spain: the european community household panel dataset

This article uses data from the 1998 European Community Household Panel to study economic inequality in Spain. It reports data on the Spanish distributions of income, labor income, and capital income, and on related features of inequality, such as age, employment status, educational attainment, and marital status. It also reports data on the income mobility of Spanish households, and data on income inequality in other European countries and in the US. We find that income, earnings, and, especially, capital income are very unequally distributed in Spain and that economic inequality in Spain is well above the European average.     

Care,Paid Work,and Leisure: Rounding the Triangle

The current distribution of paid work and caring work is inequitable. Some people are combining very long hours of paid work with caring responsibilities, while others with no caring responsibilities are also excluded from paid work. Nancy Fraser's (1996) concept of gender equity, is drawn upon as a normative standard against which to evaluate different models of work and child care in France and the U.K. In practice, distinctions between work, care and leisure are blurred. Correspondingly, all citizens could spread their time more evenly between these activities in order to obtain a more equitable distribution of the costs and benefits of social reproduction.     

论二元经济结构的转化趋向

促使二元经济结构转化是发展中国家经济发展的一个关键,然而,现有文献不能为经济结构的转化趋向提供有说服力的解释,这影响了人们对二元经济问题的认识及转化路径的选择。本文认为二元经济反差源于两部门不同的分工水平,结构转变的趋向必须在分工演进的视角下才可能得到解释。基于此,本文构建了一个新兴古典经济学模型,证明了随着分工组织的演进和分工水平的提高,二元经济结构转变体现为一个工业化,以及在此基础上的服务业的兴起和城市化水平提高的过程,而促使分工演进的关键是交易效率提高,或者说交易费用降低,理论推导的命题能够得到经验数据的支持,这样就内在一致地解释了二元经济结构在产业和空间等方面的转化趋向。     

The First World/Third Party Criterion: A Feminist Critique of Production Boundaries in Economics

This paper examines definitions of production boundaries in economics, explores the limitations of these definitions with respect to the inclusion of unpaid domestic labor, and considers the significance of such an exploration for feminist economic analysis. Margaret Reid's ''third party criterion,'' a definition of economic activity advocated by many feminists and one used to set the production boundary for most household production models, sets an implicit market standard for defining nonmarket economic activity and therefore contributes to the marginalization of such production. Similarly, production boundaries considered appropriate in third world contexts, such as those defined in the recently revised System of National Accounts, also use implicit market standards for defining nonmarket economic activity. A ''first world'' criterion implicit in such production boundaries defines nonmarket activity as work only if it would have been dealt with on the market in the first world; this results in the inclusion of some of the unpaid domestic activity of rural women on grounds which reinforce the exclusion of work such as child care and the preparation of meals in theory and policy. Feminist economists should beware the danger of recreating implicit assumptions and definitions which result in the exclusion of unpaid domestic labor.     

中国保险理赔制度变迁的经济学分析

中国保险理赔制度安排由传统保险人自行理赔制度 (非中介理赔方式 )向保险公估制度 (中介理赔方式 )转化的制度变迁已长达 12年 ,但既未取得预期的经济绩效 ,又没有获得长足的发展 ,而是陷入了非绩效的理赔制度的“闭锁状态”。为此 ,本文结合中国本土实际创造性地运用了有关制度变迁理论文献的重要思想方法 ,从经济学角度提供了合乎逻辑的理论解释。长期、动态地看 ,中国保险理赔制度变迁退出“锁定”状态的演进过程和趋势 ,应是社会成员和政府组织基于利益冲突和利益协调 ,通过内部规则和外部规则的平等、动态的市场博弈而自发型构的制度市场演进。