Religion,economics and politics: The Bishops and Keynes in the post-Keynesian ERA

This paper makes a proposal for reintroducing sociological or social economics into contemporary economic science. Such a reintroduction is proposed to be substantive, by analyzing the social structuring of the economy, and formal, by including sociological/social economics in the current (JEL) classification system of economic disciplines (code A.15). Both epistemological and ontological arguments can be presented to support the proposal. Epistemological arguments invoke the presence of essential components of sociological economics in the development of economic thought, and ontological arguments stress the role of social factors in economic life. In this paper I present primarily epistemological (theoretical-methodological) arguments for sociological economics, and secondarily ontological ones. I show that the present designation, sociology of economics, is something different from sociological or social economics in that the former refers to economic epistemology (knowledge) and the latter to economic ontology (reality). I conclude that, in addition to a sociology of economic science, we need a sociology of economic life.     

经济发展和改革的历史性变化与增长方式的根本转变

我国经济发展和经济改革进展到新的历史阶段,向我们提出了一系列特殊的发展命题和改革命题。处理这种特殊的命题,重要的在于转变经济增长方式,经济增长方式的转变首先在于技术创新,而技术创新的根本又在于制度创新。技术创新和制度创新推动下的经济增长方式的转变,关键是使效率提高成为增长的首要动力。以效率为持续增长的首要动力,需要处理的重要矛盾是收入分配差距的扩大,因为在一定条件下,效率与公平之间往往会存在深刻的矛盾。对于收入分配差距的扩大,则应根据不同的原因,采取不同的相应的措施,以更妥善地协调公平与效率的关系。     

使用人类发展指数对中国城乡差距的一种估计

本文在收集整理反映我国城乡收入、教育和出生时预期寿命差别数据的基础上 ,利用UNDP的人类发展指数法计算了按城乡分的收入指数、教育指数和出生时预期寿命指数 ,并进一步构建了按城乡分的人类发展指数。基本结论是 ,自 2 0世纪 90年代以来 ,城乡收入差距始终是最大的 ,而且呈现出整体扩大的趋势 ;城乡教育差距要小于收入的差距 ,城乡教育上的差距呈现出整体缩小的趋势 ,差距扩大主要表现在义务教育以后的阶段 ;城乡人口出生时预期寿命指数间的差距始终是最小的 ,然而这个差距却在扩大。     

国际收入不平等变化的中国因素分析--基于控制人口因素的方法

中国的贡献是国际收入不平等程度从1978年到2000年呈下降趋势的主要动力,在20世纪80和90年代的部分年份中国因素的贡献率超过100%。通过控制人口因素的方法分析揭示,中国经济增长是中国因素变化的主要原因,人口增长是次要原因,但却是重要原因。20世纪80和90年代人口增长对中国因素变化的贡献率在31.8%和43.5%之间波动,经济增长的贡献率在56.5%和68.2%之间波动。所以,虽然中国因素推动国际收入不平等下降的主要源泉是经济增长,但人口增长的作用也非常重要。     

福利水平的可持续性评价研究

在设计福利水平的评价指标和可持续发展评价指标时,一些评价福利水平的指标忽视了可持续性,而评价可持续发展的指标则忽略了当前的福利水平。长期以来,人们一方面试图用一个单一的指标来综合反映可持续发展和福利水平两个方面的内容;另一方面,也在探讨不将两方面的内容完全综合为一个指标的情况下,如何结合应用两个方面的测度指标。本文首先针对第一方面的问题以ISEW为例进行述评;其次,述评第二方面的不同建议;再次,提出将真实储蓄率作为可持续指标,并以此来评判福利水平的可持续性。     

On factor decomposition of cross-country income inequality: some extensions and qualifications

In a recent paper in this journal Duro and Esteban [Econom. Lett. 60 (1998) 269] have proposed a factor decomposition of the Theil [Economics and Information Theory, Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1967] index of inequality over per capita incomes into the (unweighted) sum of the inequality indexes of the factors in order to measure the contribution of each individual factor to the overall inequality. The purpose of this little note is to extend and qualify the meaning of such a decomposition, to show that the decomposition also holds for another Theil [Economics and Information Theory, Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1967], index of inequality and that both decompositions offer qualitatively the same general results about the contribution of the factors to aggregate inequality when applied to a particular data set, the OECD countries, although quantitative results differ.     

Factor decomposition of cross-country income inequality, 1960–1990

In this paper we present Esteban's 1994 [Esteban, J., 1994. La desigualdad interregional en Europa y en España: descripción y análisis. In: Esteban, J.M^a., Vives, X. (dirs.), Crecimiento y convergencia regional en España y en Europa, Vol. 2, Instituto de Análisis Económico] decomposition of the Theil index of inequality over per capita incomes into the (unweighted) sum of the inequality indices of (i) the productivity per employed worker, (ii) the employment rate, (iii) the active over working-age population rate, and (iv) the working-age over total population rate. Each of these factors clearly have different meanings for analysis as well as for policy. We apply this factoral decomposition to a set of 120 countries. We also contrast the empirical findings with the results obtained for the 23 OECD countries. [OECD, Labour Force Statistics, Several issues, Paris].     

人力资本与区域经济发展的计量分析

基于1990年与2000年人口普查数据,运用回归分析研究了区域人力资本指标10年间的差异及其变化趋势对地区经济发展水平变动的影响.结果表明,对人均GDP的增长率有显著影响的因素,按其影响程度由大到小依次为:平均受教育年限增长率、识字率提高率、教育投资占GDP 的比例变动和每千人医生数增长率,但它们对人均GDP影响的方向不同,这一结论不同于许多学者的总量研究结果.本文还利用因子分析进一步解释了人力资本各指标的层次结构对经济作用的影响.这对于在经济转型期深刻认识人力资本在促进区域经济发展中的作用有参考价值.     

基于主成分分析法的人类发展指数替代技术

在本文中,我们采用基于协方差的主成分分析法来分析1990年以来UNDP发布的中国人类发展数据,然后采用Spearman秩相关系数来分析获得的主成分与HDI之间的关系。研究表明,主成分分析法不仅能够有效地替代传统的人类发展指数编制方法,其形成的动态权重结构还可以有效地透视人类发展差距模式的历史演进过程,以及人类发展的各个方面(如预期寿命、知识教育和体面的生活等)在整体发展进程中的角色变化。对中国人类发展数据的分析结果也表明,尽管1990年以来中国各地区在经济、教育和健康方面均取得了重大进步,但三项发展之间存在着严重的不协调,地区发展差距也越来越多地体现为经济发展差距,这些反映了改革开放以来中国各级政府过分强调经济增长而带来的片面、不协调的人类发展。实现经济社会的协调发展,是时代的要求,也是当前我国各级政府面临的主要任务。而强调公共服务职能、推动地方政府的服务型转型,是消除不平衡发展的关键。     

西藏与内地区域发展成本差异比较

运用生态应力指数计算法、国民经济核算方法和典型指标对比法,对西藏与内地以及三大地带、七大经济区等整体和不同产业的发展成本进行了分析,结果显示,西藏与内地整体以及三大地带、七大经济区的发展成本存在显著差异,三种计算方法计量出的西藏经济发展成本与全国平均水平的差异具有一致性,但不同计算方法下不同产业的发展成本及其与全国平均水平的差异则比较大。     

Inequality,unemployment, and endogenous growth in a political economy with a minimum wage

This paper presents development of an endogenous growth model with heterogeneous households and political determination of the minimum wage. We investigate the interaction of inequality, unemployment, and economic growth. First, the arguments in this paper show that a positive correlation exists between inequality and unemployment, Second, the interaction between inequality and economic growth is shown to be a positive relation if high inequality pertains in a society. It is a negative relation if low inequality pertains.      

经济增长、收入差距与农村贫困

我国经济转型过程中同时发生的居民收入增长和收入差距扩大对农村贫困减缓具有不同的影响。本文在住户调查数据的基础上,讨论了不同时期经济增长和收入差距对于农村贫困减缓的作用大小,估算了不同年份经济增长和收入差距的贫困减缓弹性,并根据Shapley分解讨论了分项收入对贫困程度的影响以及分项收入不均等性的贫困减缓弹性。     

The long-run impact of human capital on innovation and economic development in the regions of Europe

ABSTRACT

Human capital is supposed to be an important factor for innovation and economic development. However, the long-run impact of human capital on current innovation and economic development is still a black box, in particular at the regional level. Therefore, this paper makes the link between the past and the present. Using a large new dataset on regional human capital and other factors in the 19^th and 20^th century, we find that past regional human capital is a key factor explaining current regional disparities in innovation and economic development.     

Educational choice, endogenous inequality and economic development

This paper investigates the mechanics through which wealth may, in the long run, trickle down from the rich to the poor. In the presence of indivisibilities in investment of human capital and impossibility of borrowing money, investment in education is financed through an intergenerational transfer. In an OLG model where aggregate production requires capital and both skilled and unskilled labor, it is shown that the long run equilibrium outcome depends on the values of few key parameters. A complete characterization of the steady state is provided. Under some configurations of the parameter values a unique invariant equilibrium exists where inequality vanishes asymptotically. Under others, multiple equilibria exist and the equilibrium outcome crucially depends on the initial conditions of the system. These equilibria are characterized by a negative relationship between inequality and economic development.     

Do the Spanish regions converge? A unit root analysis for the HDI of the Spanish regions

This article studies the possible stochastic convergence between the Spanish regions in 1980–2010. The application of unit root techniques to the new Human Development Index recently calculated in Herrero et al. (2013) allows us to show that the evolution of the Spanish economy can be better understood as the sum of divergent forces rather than as a group of convergent regions. Similar conclusions can be drawn when the per capita GDP is used, although these two variables exhibit different patterns of behaviour at the end of the sample. Finally, we also observe that the distance between northern and southern regions has increased since 2000.     

我国区域残疾现患率与人类发展指数相关性研究

根据第二次全国残疾人抽样调查(2006)以及2006年全国统计年鉴等相关数据资源, 分别计算反映我国不同区域残疾水平的残疾现患率指标, 以及反映我国不同区域社会经济发展水平的人类发展指数指标。探求残疾的罹患与社会经济发展之间的相关关系, 证明不同社会经济水平条件下, 残疾罹患水平具有区域差异性。在理论和实际两个方面为不同社会经济水平地区的残疾人保障和康复扶助工作提供了指导和政策支持。