The First World/Third Party Criterion: A Feminist Critique of Production Boundaries in Economics

This paper examines definitions of production boundaries in economics, explores the limitations of these definitions with respect to the inclusion of unpaid domestic labor, and considers the significance of such an exploration for feminist economic analysis. Margaret Reid's ''third party criterion,'' a definition of economic activity advocated by many feminists and one used to set the production boundary for most household production models, sets an implicit market standard for defining nonmarket economic activity and therefore contributes to the marginalization of such production. Similarly, production boundaries considered appropriate in third world contexts, such as those defined in the recently revised System of National Accounts, also use implicit market standards for defining nonmarket economic activity. A ''first world'' criterion implicit in such production boundaries defines nonmarket activity as work only if it would have been dealt with on the market in the first world; this results in the inclusion of some of the unpaid domestic activity of rural women on grounds which reinforce the exclusion of work such as child care and the preparation of meals in theory and policy. Feminist economists should beware the danger of recreating implicit assumptions and definitions which result in the exclusion of unpaid domestic labor.     

扩大内需背景下的国民收入分配格局调整

面对世界金融危机,扩大内需已经成为拉动我国经济增长的重要助推器,但自1990年以来,我国居民消费率从整体上看呈现下降趋势,过低的消费率导致了国内消费需求不足.制约我国消费需求提高的关键是国民收入分配格局失衡,如何调整国民收入分配格局是扩大内需背景下我国经济发展面临的重大课题.     

Some Reflections on the Spatial Dimensions of Occupational Segregation

This paper considers the role that urban spatial structure may play in the process of occupational segregation, and argues that neoclassical economic models of urban employment and residential location decisions have not considered the relationship between gender-based labor market status and space. The paper provides a critical feminist perspective on how conventional urban models have been used to explain patterns of segregation, and suggests reasons for limitations in existing theoretical and empirical analysis. It also explores ways in which economists can draw on work in other disciplines to develop fuller and more useful models of the relationship between urban spatial structure and occupational segregation.     

中国行业垄断的收入分配效应

收入分配差距过大是中国社会发展的难点和热点问题,行业垄断已经成为加剧中国收入分配矛盾的重要原因。为此,本文构建新的垄断-竞争两部门利润分享模型,揭示行业垄断影响收入分配的内在机制,并结合中国的经验数据进行实证分析。研究表明,行业垄断在产品与要素市场中,通过最终产品消费的福利转移、要素的区别定价以及垄断利润在不同就业者之间的非均衡分享导致收入分配差距的扩大;在行业垄断力量对经济干预较多的阶段,收入差距扩大问题较为严重,并且往往表现为劳动总收入的下降。因此,持续提升劳动者收入,保持收入分配的合理化,必须配合行之有效的行政垄断部门改革,打破行业垄断所形成的二元经济结构,降低行业垄断在生产和分配领域中的影响。     

初次收入分配与技术进步——基于马克思主义经济学的视角

生产力概念的深化对于马克思主义的发展非常重要,考察初次收入分配与技术进步之间的关系是一个可行的切入点。在税收收入占比保持不变的情况下,劳动收入占比的下降意味着资本收入占比的上升。劳动收入占比的下降缩小了消费市场规模而抑制技术进步(消费效应),资本收入占比的提高使得企业技术投资面临更少的融资约束而促进技术进步(融资效应),初次收入分配与技术进步之间可能呈现出无关、线性或者倒U型关系,其具体关系要视消费效应和融资效应的相对强弱而定。基于中国省际面板数据的实证分析发现,中国初次收入分配与技术进步之间的关系呈现出倒U型关系,存在一个最有利于技术进步的初次收入分配格局,意味着当前需要同时保护劳动和资本的权利。     

健康变化对劳动供给和收入影响的实证分析

本文使用中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)数据检验了居民健康状况变化对居民劳动供给和家庭收入的影响。通过控制基期健康状况和一系列个人特征,本文重点检验了可以被视作外生冲击的健康变化对居民劳动供给和家庭收入的影响。考虑到城乡居民以及性别在劳动供给以及收入上的差异,本文还分别分城乡和性别进行了回归分析。研究发现,滞后期健康状况与当期劳动供给和家庭收入显著正相关;健康恶化显著降低劳动供给和家庭收入。此外,健康与劳动供给和家庭收入之间的关系在城乡居民和性别之间均存在差异,具体地,城市居民和男性更容易因健康恶化退出劳动供给,农村居民和女性则会因健康改善增加劳动供给。这表明在评估健康干预政策时要综合考虑健康变化对公民社会经济状况(SES)可能造成的影响,同时,对城市居民和农村居民以及对男性和女性要区别考虑。     

Labor supply in urban China

Using labor supply responses from 10,560 urban Chinese workers, two-stage least squares estimations identify positive compensated wage effects and negative income effects that are, for the most part, statistically significant. The gross wage effects are mostly positive but they indicate relatively low uncompensated labor supply elasticities. The compensated wage effects are much larger; these may be important in assessing the labor market consequences of reform policies that monetize non-pecuniary benefits. The significance of labor supply responses depends on individual responsibilities within the family; the effects are largest for women and non-household heads. Journal of Comparative Economics 31 (4) (2003) 795–817.     

当代发展经济学的家庭经济研究

家庭经济研究是发展经济学的一个方兴未艾的领域,对发展经济学理论与发展中国家现实的联系作出了特殊的贡献。本文从家庭收入与营养健康的关系;公正、平等与营养健康的关系;家庭生产、消费行为的决策;家庭生育行为决策等方面分析发展经济学对家庭经济的研究。     

民营企业员工收入差异的实证研究--基于主成分回归分析

文章回顾了国民收入与民营企业员工收入差异的相关理论研究。通过主成分回归分析法,以基尼系数作为评价影响民营企业员工收入差异因素的标准。基于1998-2012年间民营企业员工收入的数据基础之上,以SPSS17.0对民营企业员工收入差异进行实证研究。从民营企业员工收入差异视角探讨城镇居民收入差异与基尼系数变动的关系,为国家个人收入分配政策和民营经济发展政策的制定有一定的启示意义。研究结果表明,行业收入及综合能力、人均经济产值、生活保障是影响民营企业员工收入差异的三项重要因子。     

房地产价格与国民收入分配的互动关系——基于联立方程模型的实证研究

本文基于省级面板数据,运用联立方程模型(SEM)和两阶段最小二乘(TSLS)估计法研究发现,房价与国民收入分配中的资本收入份额存在相互作用关系。房价上涨1%会使资本收入份额提升0.16%到0.43%,资本收入份额上升1%则会推动房价上涨约0.39%到0.54%。不过,这种相互作用机制存在一定的区域异质性,即在东部地区资本收入份额的提高会显著推高房价,而中西部地区后者对前者的影响效应更为明显。要实现房地产市场的健康成长,离不开国民收入分配结构的调整优化,而鼓励对适合我国劳动力比较优势的实体经济进行投资、减少资本对房地产的投机炒作,将有助于促进国民收入分配中劳动收入份额的提升。     

基于产业视角的劳动收入份额分析

本文分析了工业部门内部结构变化对我国劳动收入份额的影响,并运用2001—2007年省际面板数据对劳动收入份额进行了实证分析。结果表明,重工业化与劳动收入份额存在显著的负相关关系。一方面,工业结构偏重化直接降低了工业部门吸纳劳动力的能力,从而导致在日益增加的国民收入蛋糕中,劳动要素所分享到的比重越来越小;另一方面,重工业优先发展的赶超战略实施诱致资本利用型技术进步产生,偏离了我国要素禀赋,不利于劳动收入份额的提升。     

劳动力流动对农村居民收入的影响效应分析——基于西部289个自然村的调查

本文运用国家社科基金课题组2010年初在西部地区289个自然村有无外出务工户的问卷调查及2000-2007年西部各省际单位的面板数据为研究样本,就劳动力流动对农村居民收入的影响效应进行统计与实证分析。结果发现:农村劳动力流动对增加农村居民收入、缓解农民家庭贫困、改善农民家庭福利状况具有积极效应;劳动力流动、农村固定资产投资、经济增长及农村人力资本提高等因素对西部农村居民人均纯收入均具有积极影响,其中,区域经济增长对农民增收作用最大。     

农民工收入微观影响因素统计分析

利用在天津的问卷调查资料，运用多元分析统计方法，对农民工收入的微观影响因素进行分析、研究发现，农民工的户口状况、年龄、在本岗位的时间、经验、文化程度、企业的所有权形式以及合同有效期长度等都有显著统计意义。然而，在农民工内部，没有发现不同性别之问在收入上的显著性不同。据此，为政府统筹城乡发展提出一些建设性思路。     

Economic inequality in Spain: the european community household panel dataset

This article uses data from the 1998 European Community Household Panel to study economic inequality in Spain. It reports data on the Spanish distributions of income, labor income, and capital income, and on related features of inequality, such as age, employment status, educational attainment, and marital status. It also reports data on the income mobility of Spanish households, and data on income inequality in other European countries and in the US. We find that income, earnings, and, especially, capital income are very unequally distributed in Spain and that economic inequality in Spain is well above the European average.     

中国劳动力流动与收入差距的库兹涅茨效应研究

本文在对劳动力从欠发达地区向发达地区流动对地区收入差距的作用机制进行理论推导的基础上,结合中国经验数据进行了实证研究。结论表明:在理论层面无论是将外流劳动力归入欠发达地区还是发达地区进行考察,单纯的劳动力流动都未熨平收入差距,反倒拉大了差距。这与国内现有研究以及西方传统经济理论形成了典型的悖论。本文认为发达地区在劳动力流入后的技术扩张、欠发达地区在劳动力外流后的技术存量因子、外流劳动力从发达地区向欠发达地区输回的劳动报酬比等因素构成收入差距扩大的主要影响变量。实证研究也印证了劳动力流动拉大收入差距的理论推导,并发现库兹涅茨效应目前在我国并不显著。因此,需要形成以就业为导向的宏观政策,尤其偏向弱势群体和低收入阶层,加大对农村与欠发达地区的财政和金融支持力度,推进公共福利均等化等多重渠道缩小收入差距。     

我国城乡居民收入差距及其分解

文章基于中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)的调研数据,对城乡居民的收入差距问题进行了分析,报告了我国城乡居民收入差距的现状及收入差距主要成因。通过采用Oaxaca-Blinder的方法,对城乡收入差距的影响因素进行分解。实证结果表明:城乡收入差距一直存在并且有不断扩大的趋势;劳动者的个体特征因素是城乡收入差距产生的一个重要原因,其中教育的作用尤其突出;在排除了个体特征的影响之后,对于农村居民的歧视解释了城乡收入差距的47.1%,歧视仍然是城乡收入差距产生的一个重要原因,也是造成社会不安全的一个关键因素。基于以上实证结论可知,要缩小城乡收入差距应该从教育投入、教育质量和社会保障制度(尤其是医疗保险制度)等方面给予农村足够的支持。     

Relative underperformance Alla Turca

From 1960 to 2003, Turkey has underperformed relative to several Western economies, in terms of hours worked and output per hour. Our sectoral analysis illustrates two points. First, Turkey's large drop in hours is due to the fact that the substantial decline in agricultural hours has not been accompanied by a corresponding increase in nonagricultural market hours. Second, the sectoral composition of output is important for understanding Turkey's relatively weak rise in output per hour. We develop a simple model of structural transformation and home production to provide an account of Turkey's performance relative to the U.S. and Southern Europe. We find that the evolution of exogenous differences in sectoral productivity and taxes, between Turkey and the U.S., as well as Southern Europe, can account quantitatively for most of Turkey's relative underperformance to these regions.