有关金融变量在货币政策传导中的显著性比较

近年来,认为货币量不适合作为我国货币政策中介目标的观点颇为流行;有的研究通过比较货币量与贷款量在货币政策传导中作用的显著性,得到贷款量比货币量更适合作中介目标的结论。我们认为这个结论很可疑,至少在我国目前是不成立的。实证分析表明,货币量的作用最为显著;其次为利率;贷款量作用的显著性最低。这说明当前还应该坚持以货币量为中介目标。随着利率市场化的深入,利率将是一个比较好的中介目标。     

法定准备金制度的变迁与金融调控

法定准备发挥作用的前提是中央银行以货币供应量作为货币政策的中介目标,但货币供应量和经济增长及通货膨胀的关系并不确定。利率取代货币供应量成为中介目标,法定准备金存在的基础即被削弱,随着央行宏观金融调控方式的转变,中国法定准备金制度的改革势在必行。     

不稳定的货币流通速度必然导致货币量中介目标无效吗?

大量的文献研究表明,货币流通速度的稳定性是货币量作为货币政策中介目标的先决条件。近年来随着金融创新的发展,各个国家的货币流通速度都出现了较大的波动,因此,无论是理论界还是货币政策当局对货币量作为货币政策中介目标可能性的否定,在一定程度上都依据了货币流通速度的不稳定性。然而,基于伯杜和乔纳格的研究,本文研究表明:货币流通速度的不稳定并不必然意味着货币量作为货币政策中介目标是无效的,影响货币量作为货币政策中介目标的最主要因素是流通速度的可预测性以及货币当局对货币流通速度的预测能力;只要货币当局能够准确预测货币流通速度变化的方向和幅度,货币供给量就仍然可以作为货币政策的中介目标。本文的结论是,近期中国广义货币M 2的可预测性较好,因此,基于货币流通速度的不稳定性而否定货币量作为中介目标的可能性是不正确的。     

发达国家货币政策中介目标理论的发展历程

发达国家货币政策中介目标大致经过了利率→货币量→以利率为主导的价格型目标体系的发展过程。本文以美国为例,通过回顾和分析发达国家货币政策中介目标的演进及相关理论的发展过程,旨在找到适合中国的发展规律,以提高货币政策传导的有效性。     

影子银行对我国货币政策的影响与对策

影子银行的过快发展会影响货币供应量的可测性、可控性和相关性,不利于货币政策最终目标的实现,影响货币政策的有效性。实证研究结果表明,我国影子银行发展削弱了货币政策的可控性,不利于维持物价稳定,与经济增长、通货膨胀、货币供给量之间存在长期的协整关系。对此,应完善货币供应量的统计口径,注重社会融资总量指标,货币政策中介目标应向利率中介指标倾斜。同时,调整准备金的统计口径,提高再贴现工具的效力,加强对影子银行的监管。     

存款准备金制度工具新解——内涵、作用机理与发展趋势

本文认为,存款准备金制度不仅包括法定存款准备金率的调整,还包括需缴存准备金的金融机构、不同类型存款(资产)的存款准备金率、可以作为存款准备金的资产类型、存款准备金的计提方式、存款准备金是否付息与(付息时)付息利率,以及违反这一制度的相关罚则的确定和调整等,并详细分析了其作用机理,总结提炼其作为货币政策操作工具的特征,并简要指出这一范畴的提出对我国存款准备金制度工具的发展以及货币政策实践所具有的重要现实意义.     

存款准备金率政策效应研究

与西方发达国家相比,我国一直将法定存款准备金政策作为调整、控制货币供应量的一种常规性货币工具,特别是近些年,为了冲销外汇占款引发的流动性过剩,法定存款准备金率调整的规模和频率都大幅度提高.但是目前法定存款准备金政策这种数量型的货币政策工具空间已经不大,必将被利率为主的价格工具逐步替代,在这一过渡时期,对现行的法定存款准备金制度改革,推进差别准备金利率,扩大商业银行缴纳存款准备金资产的种类,逐步降低商业银行准备金利率,完善Shibor的形成机制,最终实现利率市场化是至关重要的.     

中国货币政策中介目标选择的实证研究

通过采用单位根检验、协整检验以及格兰杰因果检验的方法,对货币供应量和利率同经济增长的关系进行研究,进而对我国现行货币政策中介目标选择的合理性进行分析.实证结果表明,货币供应量与货币政策最终目标之间存在长期稳定的均衡关系,而利率与最终目标之间并无显著影响,从而说明我国目前以货币供应量作为中介目标是合理的,而利率尚不具备可选择性.     

货币政策工具对货币政策效果的影响

中央银行货币政策工具的选择对货币政策的实施效果起到了最基础的作用。目前我国货币政策的主要工具包括存款准备金、中国人民银行基准利率、公开市场操作。由于公开市场操作存在一定的局限性，文章着重时存款准备金率和贷款基准利率与货币政策中介目标中之间的相关性进行分析。     

货币政策操作体系走向

央行政策目标和历史经验表明,若今年全年CPI上涨幅度在3％左右,则央行现行货币政策操作体系具有良好的稳定性。影响现行赁币政策操作体系稳定性的外部因素是美元和美元利息走势。美元回升和美元加息有利于抑制输入型通货膨胀。名义利率不变时,物价走高所导致的实际贷款利率下降诱导企业产生贷款和投资冲动,实际利率对经济系统的这一调节作用使现行货币政策操作体系具有一种偏离稳态的内生离心力。现行货币政策操作体系的内部政策走向是总量和结构并重的政策组合。总量适度控制基础上的强化结构优化的货币政策工具包括选择性货币政策、再贷款和再贴现、差别化准备金率。现行货币政策操作体系的外部政策走向表现为外汇占款冲销工具的政策组合,即在首选工具公开市场操作后,法定准备金率、再贷款和再贴现、发行外币融资券为第二工具。美元加息对现行操作体系走向产生外部效用,有利于人民币加息和保持汇率汇制改革的主动性。     

对我国货币政策中介目标的研究

货币供应量作为我国货币政策中介目标虽仍具备合理性,却面临一系列困难和障碍;同时,由于利率形成机制并不完善,利率暂时不能作为货币政策中介目标.目前我国应将货币供应量作为货币政策直接中介目标,而以利率作为辅助中介目标,发挥利率在货币政策体系中应有的作用.     

Financial market imperfections and monetary policy strategy

In a model with imperfect money, credit and reserve markets, we examine if an inflation-targeting central bank applying the funds rate operating procedure to indirectly control market interest rates also needs a monetary aggregate as policy instrument. We show that if private agents use information extracted from money and financial markets to form inflation expectations and if interest rate pass-through is incomplete, the central bank can use a narrow monetary aggregate and the discount interest rate as independent and complementary policy instruments to reinforce the credibility of its announcements and the role of inflation target as a nominal anchor for inflation expectations. This study shows how a monetary policy strategy combining inflation targeting and monetary targeting can be conceived to guarantee macroeconomic stability and the credibility of monetary policy. Friedman's k-percent money growth rule, which can generate dynamic instability, and two alternative stabilizing feedback monetary targeting rules are examined.     

Monetary targeting in the Netherlands: an application of co-integration tests

There are two criteria to choose an intermediate variable for monetary targeting. First, the money demand function needs to be stable and second, the monetary authorities should be able to control the target variable given the available instruments. In this paper we examine whether M1 and M2 in the Netherlands fulfil the first requirement, i.e. we investigate whether a stable relationship exists between these monetary variables and key macroeconomic variables. Co-integration techniques are used which are very well suited for this purpose. Monetary policy in the Netherlands has been directed towards the growth rate of broad money (M2). The present findings do not suport the choice of M2 as an intermediate target for monetary policy in the Netherlands. A stable long-term relationship between M2 and real NNP and Long-and short-term interest rates does not exist. The results for M1 are considerbly better, though not favourable at all scores. The estimated moeny demand function for M1 is a good indicator for monetary policy, since the Dutch central bank probably cannot control the growth rate of M1.     

The effects of unions and strikes on the rate of growth of total factor productivity in Canada

In this paper, the performance of the New Keynesian IS curve for the G7 countries is assessed. It is found that there is an IS puzzle for both the purely backward-looking as well as for the forward-looking IS curve. The real interest rate does not have a significantly negative effect on the output gap. Based on an extended specification of the IS curve, also including asset prices and monetary aggregates, a significantly negative interest rate effect on aggregate demand is found for all countries. This finding suggests that a richer specification of the IS curve in empirical work may be necessary in order to obtain an unbiased estimate of the effect of monetary policy on aggregate demand.     

金融结构及其对货币传导机制的影响

本文在简要考察中国金融结构转型中货币政策机制 ,包括货币政策的工具、效率前沿和规则及相应的货币传导机制变迁轨迹的基础上 ,根据结构分割点原则 ,实证检验、估计和分析了金融结构变迁对货币政策的适用工具和反应函数的影响 ,以及对货币传导的利率机制 ,即由政策利率到市场利率、并进而到通胀率 -产出波动前沿的影响。基本的结论是 ,金融结构变迁深刻地影响着货币传导机制的性质和作用程度     

货币中介目标的国际比较*——基于DAG SVAR模型

学术界围绕最优货币中介目标的选择,在利率、简单加总货币量、迪维西亚货币量之间争论不休。本文基于DAG SVAR模型,分别对美国、欧元区、英国的银行间隔夜拆借利率R、简单加总货币量M2、迪维西亚货币量D2对物价P、产出Y影响的相对重要性进行实证比较。结果发现,在美国,M2对Y的影响最大,R对P的影响最大;在欧元区,D2对Y的影响最大,M2对P的影响最大;在英国,M2对Y和P的影响都最大。总的来说,若货币最终目标是经济增长,则美国、英国的最优中介目标是简单加总货币量,欧元区的最优中介目标是迪维西亚货币量;若货币最终目标是物价稳定,则美国的最优中介目标是利率,欧元区、英国的最优中介目标是简单加总货币量。由此可见,对于不同的经济体或者不同的货币最终目标,最优中介目标的选择可能有所不同。本文的研究结论在一定程度上是对“利率普遍优于货币量,迪维西亚货币量普遍优于简单加总货币量”学术共识的反向补充。     

How does credit supply respond to monetary policy and bank minimum capital requirements?

We use data on UK banks׳ minimum capital requirements to study the interaction of monetary policy and capital requirement regulation. UK banks were subject to both time-varying capital requirements and changes in interest rate policy. Tightening of either capital requirements or monetary policy reduces the supply of lending. Lending by large banks reacts substantially to capital requirement changes, but not to monetary policy changes. Lending by small banks reacts to both. There is little evidence of interaction between these two policy instruments. The differences in the responses of small and large banks identify important distributional consequences within the financial system of these two policy instruments. Finally, our findings do not corroborate theoretical models that raise concerns about complex interactions between monetary policy and macro-prudential variation in capital requirements.     

中国货币政策的二元传导机制——"两中介目标、两调控对象"模式研究

The research, using VAR model and economic and financial data starting from January 1998 and expiring by June 2006, by econometric methods and theoretical analysis, examines the intermediate target and transmission channel of China’s monetary policy. The results are as followings: (1) Monetary supply M2 is a good indicator for China’s monetary policy, its prediction ability to economic variables is far above other monetary variables; (2) M2 is China’s monetary intermediate target because M2 reacts systematically to the industrial added value and CPI, and M2 innovation is made by the People’s Bank of China (PBC); (3) Monetary transmission channel does not exist in China basically, the main transmission channel is bank loans, credit quota is a de facto intermediate target, which regulates macroeconomy directly and induces the changes in M2, so there are two intermediate targets—credit quota and M2, which is fundamentally the same as the situation before 1998; (4) The two intermediate targets function in different fields—credit quota for real economy and M2 for the financial market, which is a realistic choice and PBC has successfully coordinated them. These conclusions are meaningful for the practices of China’s monetary policy, which indicates that we should pay more attention to the credit quota and take it as the core variable to regulate macroeconomy. Of course, this monetary transmission mode is only effective temporarily because there are many limitations in it. In the future, it is necessary to adopt the interest rate, which is more informative, as the intermediate target, which takes the marketization of the interest rate and exchange rate as the preconditions. __________ Translated from Jingji Yanjiu 经济研究 (Economic Research Journal), 2008, (10): 37–51     

Reserve requirements and control of a broad monetary aggregate

When at least one component of a broad monetary aggregate pays a market-determined interest rate, this paper shows that monetary control does not necessarily improve if all reserve ratios are set at feasible maximums and equalized across all components.     

Exchange Rates and Monetary Policy

This paper looks at the relation between exchange rates and monetary policy. It focuses in particular on the role of the exchange rate of the euro in the context of the ECB's monetary policy strategy. The objective of monetary policy is to maintain price stability. The euro area is a large and relatively closed economy. Therefore, the exchange rate of the euro is not an intermediate target nor is it an objective. Nevertheless, the ECB's stability–oriented monetary policy strategy does not neglect the exchange rate of the euro. Clearly, exchange rate developments are taken into account both when looking at the transmission mechanism of monetary policy and when assessing the current economic situation and prospects for the euro area.