个人消费信贷:中美比较与借鉴

美国发展个人消费信贷业务的主要经验是建立完善的个人信用制度和相关法律制度以保护借贷双方的权益,开发个人消费信贷二级市场使消费信贷市场具备再发展的原动力,政府积极参与以弥补市场的不足,商业消费信贷与银行信用密切结合促进消费信贷发展.中国个人消费信贷发展迅速,但相对来说仍存在许多不足,主要是:信用体系和法律制度不够健全,产品同质化程度较高,创新能力不强,个人消费信贷发放机构较单一,信贷手续繁琐等.我国应建立、健全有效的信用制度和法律体系,建立消费信贷二级市场,积极创造有利于消费信贷发展的外部政策环境,商业银行自身应加强消费信贷业务的创新.     

Banks' consumer lending reaction to fintech and bigtech credit emergence in the context of soft versus hard credit information processing

Access to credit information and the ability to process this information effectively determine the conditions of competition in the credit market. Traditionally, local banks have had an advantage in relationship lending (based on soft credit information), whereas foreign banks are considered to base on hard credit information. With the advent of financial technology (or “fintech”) companies (or “fintechs”) and giant technology (or “bigtech”) companies (or “bigtechs”) providing alternative credit, the conditions of competition in the credit market have changed. In this empirical study, we shed light on the nature of the information advantages fintech and bigtech companies have compared to banks and how alternative lenders use them. We analyze competition in the consumer lending segment between banks and fintechs as well as bigtechs providing alternative lending. We used a database combining bank-level characteristics and country-level proxies for 72 countries from 2013 to 2018. We find that in developed markets, the relationships between fintech and bigtech credit providers and banks are similar and competitive in nature. However, banks' consumer lending grows simultaneously with fintech credit market development in emerging economies, but decreases in the aftermath of the emergence of bigtech credit. Fintech credit seems to penetrate market segments not serviced by banks; thus, it plays a complementary role, however only in emerging economies. Bigtech companies compete even more with banks and push some banking offers out of the market, both in emerging and developed economies. Furthermore, we show that domestic and privately-owned banks are more negatively affected by competition from technology-based lending, particularly bigtech, than foreign banks. Thus, bigtech lending may be treated as a serious competition for banks' relationship lending based on soft credit information processing, traditionally provisioned by local banks.     

The implications of the FTC's clear and conspicuous standards for the communication of credit card information to young consumers

College students are an important target market for credit card companies and are substantial users of this form of credit, even though they may not have the appropriate knowledge to make informed decisions regarding credit cards. Specific to financial services marketing, the focus of this study is to ascertain whether college-age students recall and understand disclosed information in credit card commercials. This study analyzes the effectiveness of three disclosure standards advocated by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) which are intended to ensure that consumers (such as college students) are appropriately informed. Specifically, this study focuses on: (1) modality, (2) audience consideration and (3) distraction level present during the disclosure presentation. Tests of the impact of these standards on consumer recall and comprehension of disclosed information have been mixed and the extant research has failed to test all of the standards in combination. An important contribution that this research makes is the reconciliation of differences found in previous research, while revealing the effects that implementing multiple FTC standards has on college students’ recall and comprehension, perceptions of recall and comprehension, and attitudes and behavioral intentions.     

The implications of the FTC's clear and conspicuous standards for the communication of credit card information to young consumers

College students are an important target market for credit card companies and are substantial users of this form of credit, even though they may not have the appropriate knowledge to make informed decisions regarding credit cards. Specific to financial services marketing, the focus of this study is to ascertain whether college-age students recall and understand disclosed information in credit card commercials. This study analyzes the effectiveness of three disclosure standards advocated by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) which are intended to ensure that consumers (such as college students) are appropriately informed. Specifically, this study focuses on: (1) modality, (2) audience consideration and (3) distraction level present during the disclosure presentation. Tests of the impact of these standards on consumer recall and comprehension of disclosed information have been mixed and the extant research has failed to test all of the standards in combination. An important contribution that this research makes is the reconciliation of differences found in previous research, while revealing the effects that implementing multiple FTC standards has on college students’ recall and comprehension, perceptions of recall and comprehension, and attitudes and behavioral intentions.     

信用卡市场利率粘性和消费者行为研究综述

本文从信息不对称和消费者理性的框架出发,对20世纪70年代以来国外学者在信用卡市场利率粘性和消费者行为等方面的研究成果进行综述,并指出我国信用卡研究的现状及存在的问题和未来研究方向。     

The Economic Impact of the Federal Credit Union Usury Ceiling

This study measures the impact of the Federal credit union usury ceiling on consumer credit availability and loan rates. When binding, the ceiling keeps loan rates low, but it reduces credit union lending. There is also evidence that a binding loan rate ceiling affects the competitiveness of credit unions in the market for deposits. Although the Federal Credit Union Act specifically mandates federally chartered credit unions to be a source of low cost consumer credit and to promote thriftiness, it is not at all clear that the intent of the Act is served by a binding usury ceiling.     

Competition in the Dutch consumer credit market

This paper considers the degree of competitiveness of the Dutch consumer credit market. We use the well-known Bresnahan–Lau method that estimates a structural model consisting of a demand relation and a supply relation, based on aggregate data. The level of competition is derived from the estimated conjectural variation elasticity. Our empirical results show that there is no evidence of market power.     

中国个人消费信贷状况及风险防范研究

随着个人信用消费的不断扩大,消费信贷的比重不断提高,在整个市场个人信用制度不完善的情况下,个人信贷风险凸现,银行个人信贷中的不良资产率上升。本文从中国消费信贷的总量状况出发,对于银行消费信贷内部结构展开探讨,继而分析消费信贷的客户风险、制度风险及法律政策风险,并以此为基础提出了建立个人信用管理制度、充分利用客户信用分析法、逐步试点个人破产制度、建立银行内控体系及风险转嫁渠道以及完善个人消费信贷的相关法律保障等防范措施。     

Making ends meet: How will the elderly manage their finances and post-retirement expenses?

Americans over the age of 50 control over half of the country's discretionary income and 75 per cent of all personal assets. As Americans live longer, the number of mature consumers in the United States is making a marked increase. Recently, researchers have focussed their attention on this market segment, looking at a variety of consumer behaviour issues. As this segment of consumers is becoming increasingly large, academicians and practitioners who study the consumer behaviour of older consumers search for ways to better segment and target this market. The present study adds to the current body of knowledge by investigating the financial services patronage preferences and post-retirement spending plans of this market, focusing on differences between various segments.     

对发展我国汽车金融服务市场的思考

我国现有的非银行金融机构,不具备专业办理汽车消费信贷的要求。为此,我国金融机构序列中应增加一类新的机构———汽车金融公司,专门办理汽车消费信贷业务。这对我国汽车产业的发展必定是一个极大的促进。为此,需要我们在发展汽车金融服务市场方面作深入地研究。     

Basic debt literacy and debt behavior

Using unique survey data from 1001 individuals representative of the French population, we document that less than half of the sample (47%) can provide correct answers to two basic questions addressing the functioning of debt interests. This proportion is higher among credit users, but the improvement emerges mainly from mortgagors (55%) and much less from consumer credit users (51%). Furthermore, among consumer credit users, the portion of respondents giving at least one erroneous answer (i.e. neither correct nor “don't know”) is above one third and significantly higher than in the rest of the population (35% vs. 30%). Next, with regressions, controlling for a wide array of socio-demographic variables and potential confounding factors like present-biased preferences or saving-oriented literacy, we show that incorrect answers to debt literacy questions predict a greater propensity to use consumer debt and to use it in a more expensive way (i.e. choosing lower settlements). Lastly, we find that respondents who answer debt literacy questions incorrectly are not more likely to report intention to take financial education training or to seek financial advice from a bank advisor, even when such respondents also present a high propensity to use debt or to use it in an expensive way.     

Deregulation,tax reform,and the use of consumer credit

This article analyzes the probable effects of recent deregulation of consumer credit markets and tax reform on household credit-use decisions. The results of the analysis suggest that deregulation of rates of charge for consumer credit contracts accounts for a substantial portion of the increase in consumer credit outstanding relative to household income since 1982. The effect would not originate from the extention of credit in newly deregulated markets to households that had not been able to get credit before (widening of credit use). Rather, it would come from the provision of greater amounts of credit to borrowers in general (deepening of credit use). With regard to tax reform, the probability of debt use is significantly higher for those households most likely to itemize deductions for federal income tax purposes. Holding the level of interest rates constant, tax reform that removes the deductibility of consumer interest is not expected to affect the amount of credit used relative to income but is expected to have a significant effect on the type of debt used by such households. They will likely be early adopters of home equity lines of credit. Their shift from consumer to mortage credit is expected to have a long-term negative effect on the credit quality of consumer credit portfolios.This work was partially supported by the Credit Research Center. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.     

金融与消费需求关系研究的文献综述

2009年底的中央经济工作会议对2010年经济工作进行了全面部署,其中把扩大居民消费、增强居民消费能力和加快居民消费结构升级提到了前所未有的战略高度。本文对金融与消费需求关系的有关文献进行回顾,从消费信贷、股票市场、保险等三个方面对国内消费需求所受的影响进行综述,并对未来的研究进行了展望。     

金融发展影响了公司成熟度与现金股利政策的关系吗?

选取留存收益股权比反映公司成熟度,研究不同金融发展水平下,公司成熟度与现金股利的关系,实证结果显示,伴随公司成熟度的提高,公司实施积极现金股利政策的动机会显著提升;金融发展在提高公司成熟度与现金股利支付倾向正向关系的同时,由于提供更多的投资机会,却弱化了公司成熟度与现金股利支付水平的正向关系。进一步研究发现,金融发展水平的提升能够推迟成熟公司首次对外支付现金股利的时机;其对公司成熟度与现金股利政策关系的影响作用主要源于金融发展的"治理效应"路径;将金融发展分为信贷市场发展和股权市场发展,发现与信贷市场促进公司成熟度与现金股利支付倾向正相关关系不同,股权市场抑制了公司成熟度与现金股利支付倾向及支付水平的正相关关系。     

Financial literacy and consumer credit portfolios

We use survey data from a sample of UK households to analyse the relationship between financial literacy and consumer credit portfolios. We show that individuals who borrow on consumer credit exhibit worse financial literacy than those who do not. Borrowers with poor financial literacy hold higher shares of high cost credit (such as home collected credit, mail order catalogue debt and payday loans) than those with higher literacy. We also show that individuals with poor financial literacy are more likely to lack confidence when interpreting credit terms, and to exhibit confusion over financial concepts. They are also less likely to engage in behaviour which might help them to improve their awareness of the credit market.     

Debit or credit?

Empirical consumer payment price sensitivity has implications for theory, optimal regulation of payment card networks, and business strategy. A critical margin is the price of a credit card charge. A revolver who did not pay her most recent balance in full pays interest; other credit card users do not. I find that revolvers are substantially less likely to incur credit card charges and substantially more likely to use a debit card, conditional on several proxies for transaction demand and tastes. Debit use also increases with credit limit constraints and decreases with credit card possession. Additional results suggest that debit is becoming a stronger substitute for credit over time.     

Opportunities for banks to cross-sell insurance products in Greece

The paper aims to identify whether or not there are opportunities for banks in Greece effectively to cross-sell insurance products through their branch network. In addition, it seeks to investigate the areas of insurance product portfolio that could have a better potential to be distributed by Greek banks, and to identify the profile of potential customers. For this reason a questionnaire was designed, and was completed by 720 bank customers. The analysis showed that the greatest opportunity comes from the fact that consumer awareness of the offering of insurance products by banks is low in contrast to their willingness to use banks as insurance products providers, which is very high. Additionally, there are indications that based on consumer attitudes, there are identifiable market segments which are more attractive. In conclusion, the paper discusses the managerial implications of the findings and proposes suggestions for further research.     

南非的非吸收存款类放贷人法律制度

本文回顾了南非非吸收存款类放贷人以及消费信贷行业监管法律制度的演进过程,着重介绍了南非2005年《国家信贷法》、2006年《国家信贷规定》的立法背景和主要内容,指出我国应加快非吸收存款类放贷人的立法规范进程,积极促进信贷市场创新与发展,规范和引导民间借贷市场,形成金融机构+贷款零售商的新型信贷市场格局。     

房地产市场的市场特征及货币调控政策的理论分析

通过区分房地产市场中消费者和投资者,建立购房信贷市场化和政府管理两类房贷市场模型,指出两者表现出共同的特征,即房地产市场消费者比例超过一定范围时,投资者会获得超额所得,且随着消费者比例增加,该超额所得会增加,而消费者没有任何超额所得。本文还用模型说明了货币或信贷调控政策对房地产市场作用是短期性的,不会起到长期稳定房价的作用,要长期稳定房价,就需要从制度上控制进入房地产市场的消费者的比例。     

Financial service preferences and patronage motives of older consumers

The 2000 US Census reported that nearly one in eight Americans is 65 years of age or older. This suggests that financial institutions in the USA and in other developed countries have an excellent market opportunity if they stay abreast of the preferences of the elderly population. Responding to these changes involves an understanding of demographic trends and an understanding of the growing diversity within the older population. Using a national random survey of 1,727 adults this paper explores a segmentation approach based on factors directly related to the older consumers' needs and lifestyles, which in turn are influenced by changing life conditions. The cluster analysis suggests four gerontographic segments that best describe the financial service preferences and motives of the mature consumer market. These segments are explained and managerial implications are highlighted.