融资约束、生产率与企业出口:基于中国企业不同贸易方式的分析

文章在Melitz(2003)的基础上,将融资约束引入异质性企业贸易模型,进而研究不同贸易方式中企业出口比重变化在融资约束和企业生产率上的差异和变化。研究结果表明:(1)企业出口比重提高有助于降低融资约束。(2)低生产率的企业以加工贸易的形式扩大出口,高生产率的企业会以一般贸易的形式扩大出口。实证研究采用海关数据和制造业企业数据,检验结果支持理论假设。中国出口企业主要通过出口比重的边际调整来最大化融资约束与企业生产率之间的得失,因此若想通过"出口学习效应"更快成长,政府应该采取双管齐下的策略即松解融资约束和转变出口增长方式。     

中国企业通过什么途径缓解了出口融资约束

融资约束是制约企业出口的重要因素,对金融市场不发达的中国更是如此,这无法解释中国对外贸易快速发展的现实.本文将融资约束引入异质企业贸易模型,发现企业可以通过银行信贷、商业信贷、内部储蓄和跨国企业融资四重途径获取进入出口市场的资金,并且商业信贷还可以极大地促进银行信贷.进而运用2004-2007年中国40余万家企业数据进行实证检验,结果发现:上述融资途径可以提高企业出口参与、出口强度和出口规模；商业信贷对银行信贷的促进作用使拥有商业信贷的企业,不论出口参与还是出口规模与出口强度都优于没有商业信贷的企业.本文为探讨中国企业出口融资提供了综合性视角,为理解中国出口贸易奇迹和制定相关外贸政策提供了理论依据和实证支持.     

ODI二元边际如何影响制造业跨国企业出口

随着我国跨国企业国际化步伐日益加快,ODI如何影响企业出口成为理论研究的焦点问题.本文基于ODI二元边际视角,利用我国2009-2015年A股上市的172家样本企业数据,采用GMM估计方法研究ODI扩展边际和集约边际对我国制造业跨国企业出口的差异化影响,发现ODI扩展边际能明显促进我国制造业跨国企业出口密集度提升,并且促进作用持续增强;ODI集约边际对跨国企业出口密集度的作用效果呈现出不稳定性,不同投资动机、不同投资国别与不同进入模式下ODI集约边际对企业出口密集度的作用效果具有差异性.进一步检验ODI二元边际对跨国企业出口的影响机理,发现ODI扩展边际主要通过“固定成本效应”影响跨国企业出口,而ODI集约边际主要通过“生产率效应”影响跨国企业出口.     

金融发展、融资约束与企业出口的三元边际

本文利用中国海关贸易和工业企业的合并数据,通过构建企业运营资本投资敏感性指标作为企业融资约束的代理变量,实证检验了金融发展、融资约束对企业出口三元边际的影响效应。计量模型的检验结果显示:第一,融资约束对企业出口的进入边际以及扩展边际呈现显著的制约效应,对企业出口的集约边际影响不大,企业融资约束与扩展边际存在典型的"U型"关系。金融发展程度的提升能够极大改善企业的融资约束的制约效应;第二,从不同出口方式来看,融资约束对加工贸易企业的出口进入形成一定的抑制效应。在扩展边际方面,融资约束对从事加工贸易和混合贸易企业的高端出口能力产生极大的制约效应,而对一般贸易的出口能力影响不显著。此外,作为"看得见的手"的政府补贴并未对出口决策产生显著的促进作用,也并未缓解企业融资约束对出口产生的抑制效应。因此,稳步推进中国金融改革进程,提高金融市场化水平,适时调整中国政府对企业的补贴规模与方向,可能会有利于中国本土企业出口竞争力的提升。     

商业信贷对企业出口的影响及机制

本文研究商业信贷对企业出口的影响及机制,从商业信贷角度解释中国企业在银行信贷约束下创造出口增长奇迹的现象。文章首先将商业信贷引入异质企业出口模型,证明在银行信贷约束下,商业信贷直接和间接地促进企业出口,促进机制是直接缓解企业出口可变成本融资约束和促进银行信贷进而间接降低企业出口融资成本。文章接着运用中国制造业大样本企业面板数据,采用Heckman选择模型,从出口概率和出口强度方面进行实证分析,验证了上述理论分析,发现商业信贷对企业出口概率和出口强度的促进作用在高竞争性行业比低竞争性行业明显,在民营企业比其他企业明显,但是商业信贷对国有企业和集体企业的出口影响不显著。     

企业出口二元边际与产业结构优化——基于跨国面板数据的分析

企业出口二元边际对一国产业结构优化可能产生积极影响。在理论分析和基本事实描述的基础上,本文利用中国等9个国家的平衡面板数据,考察了一国出口企业的扩展边际和集约边际的扩张对产业结构变动的影响,结果表明:在样本期间内,出口企业集约边际的扩张有助于推动产业结构的优化转型;而出口企业扩展边际对产业结构变动不存在显著的影响。这说明,积极推动现有企业出口规模的扩张有利于贸易发展和产业结构优化升级,从而有助于跨越"中等收入陷阱";而提高企业生产率对于维持出口贸易的平稳发展和促进产业结构进一步优化具有重要意义。     

中国对东盟出口增长的二元边际分析

基于Kancs的企业异质性贸易模型分析框架,将中国对东盟国家的出口分为集约边际和扩展边际,表明2006-2009年中国对东盟国家的出口主要来自扩展边际,即更多的企业进入出口市场,而不是集中在少数规模大、生产效率高的企业,中国目前对东盟国家出口的战略是有利我国出口增长和贸易条件的维持。     

借鉴国际经验 大力发展我国出口信贷担保

出口信贷担保作为各国出口信用机构经办的主要业务,对引导商业银行资金流向,扩大对外出口和对外投资活动的资金供应,具有积极作用。随着我国入世日期的临近,我们亟需开展出口信贷担保业务,借鉴国际经验,强化出口信用机构及信贷担保业务对外经贸的促进作用。     

贸易便利化措施对中国出口企业的异质性影响--基于引力模型分析

本文采用口岸效率、海关环境、规制环境和电子商务4个指标对中国2000年-2006年的贸易便利化水平进行测度。同时选取同时期中国纺织行业3654家企业的出口数据,计算企业出口的扩展边际、数量边际和价格边际,并基于引力模型实证分析中国贸易便利化水平对出口企业的影响。研究结果表明,贸易便利化对出口边际存在异质性影响,显著提升了数量边际,抑制了价格边际,并且不同的措施对扩展边际有更为复杂的作用。     

短期出口信用保险保单融资优势分析

2003年,中国出口信用保险公司推出一种集承保海外买家支付风险与向商业银行融资为一身的综合型险种——短期出口信用保险保单融资。到目前为止,一些进出口公司尝试使用这一政策性金融工具,确实起到了防险又融资的功能。然而,仍有许多进出口公司对这一险种不甚了解,忽视出口信用风险,需要融资时,在信用证支付方式下,常常采取向银行申请打包贷款或做出口押汇。本文通过比较打包贷款、出口押汇与短期出口信用保险保单融资在概念、融资范围、融资时间、融资条件,以及是否具备防止海外买家支付风险的功能等方面的不同说明短期出口信用保险保单融资的优势,目的是希望我国进出口公司,尤其是获取银行直接贷款困难的中小型进出口公司积极运用这种政策性金融工具,扩大出口。     

银企关系与房地产公司的信贷违约--基于嵌入性视角的研究

嵌入性理论认为,社会资本是企业可以利用的重要资源。本文基于我国房地产上市公司信贷数据,发现银企关系作为企业一项重要的社会资本提供了财务变量和股票市场变量以外有关公司违约的重要信息,有助于提高违约风险模型的预测能力。其中银企双边关系久期、主营房地产业务时间以及公司国有背景与违约风险率显著负相关,银企关系规模的实际作用效果与关系网络的规模和结构有关。     

农村信用社资本、资产结构状况:安徽案例研究

本文是对安徽省农村信用社进行的实地考察。通过对样本农村信用社一线资料的掌握和研究,以资本构成、股本金构成、内源性融资能力、资本充足率、贷款结构的相关指标为实证分析重点,本文总结了样本农村信用社资本结构、资产结构的现状,分析其在发展过程中所遇到的困难及其原因,并提出相关建议。     

The impact of credit constraints on exporting firms: Evidence from the provision and subsequent removal of subsidised credit

We study the causal impact of credit constraints on exporters using a natural experiment provided by two policy changes in India, first in 1998 which made small‐scale firms eligible for subsidised direct credit, and a subsequent reversal in policy in 2000 wherein some of these firms lost their eligibility. Using firms that were not affected by these policy changes as our control group in each case, we find that credit expansion increased the growth rate of bank borrowing and had a positive effect on exports. The subsequent policy reversal in 2000 had no impact on the growth rate of bank borrowing or on exports.     

Does direct foreign investment affect domestic credit constraints?

Firms in developing countries cite credit constraints as one of their primary obstacles to investment. Direct foreign investment may ease credit constraints by bringing in scarce capital. Alternatively, if foreign firms borrow heavily from domestic banks, they may crowd local firms out of domestic capital markets. Using firm data from the Ivory Coast, we test whether: (1) domestic firms are more credit constrained than foreign firms, and (2) whether borrowing by foreign firms exacerbates domestic firm credit constraints. Results provide support for both hypotheses. We also find that state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are less financially constrained than other domestic enterprises.     

Services trade and credit frictions: Evidence with matched bank–firm data

The effects of credit supply shocks on the exports of services are not clear a priori. On the one hand, services need lower initial investment in physical capital than manufacturing. On the other hand, competitiveness for exporting services requires investments in intangible capital and in product customisation that may be subject to credit frictions. Using Italian matched bank–firm data and focusing on the sovereign debt crisis, we find an elasticity of services exports to credit supply, between 0.3 and 0.4. The effects of credit shocks are especially relevant for firms exporting complex services to countries with weaker institutions and for services that are not the main product of the firms. Overall, our results suggest that credit supply plays a relevant role for exporting services during crises.     

R&;D investment and financing constraints of small and medium-sized firms

This study tests for financial constraints on R&D investment and how they differ from capital investment. To identify constraints in the access to external capital, we employ a credit rating index. Our models show that internal constraints, measured by mark-ups, are more decisive for R&D than for capital investment. For external constraints, we find a monotonic relationship between the level of constriction and firm size for both types of investment. Thus, external constraints turn out to be more binding with decreasing firm size. On the contrary, we do not find such monotonic relationships for internal constraints. Differentiation by firms’ age does not support lower constraints for older firms.     

Anti-corruption intensity and loan contracting: Evidence from non-state owned firms in China

We examine the effect of China’ s anti-corruption intensity on loan contracting efficiency. The findings suggest that conditional on the political connection (total factor productivity) of a firm, the anti-corruption intensity in the province in which a firm is located leads to less (more) favorable loan contracting terms. Additional analysis shows that the effect of anti-corruption intensity on loan contracting terms is stronger for firms with higher financing constraints and weaker external legal environments. We further find that higher anti-corruption intensity is related to lower credit growth at the macro level.     

SBA default rates : Selection bias and credit deterioration

This study estimates the effects of changes in the money and capital markets on small business loan failure rates. It develops a lagged model of the relationship between term structure and risk premium variables and the loan failure rates of the Small Business Administration (SBA). Bank credit availability to small firms is shown to be the key factor in relating changes in economic conditions to changes in the SBA loan failure rates. As bank credit availability changes over an economic cycle, there is a movement of the least risky small firms into and out of the population from which the SBA grants and guarantees loans.     

我国农村小额信用贷款问题和对策

当前,我国现阶段农村小额信用贷款存在的问题,主要体现在农村金融信用环境差,农村小额信用贷款的风险多元化,农民还贷能力低,农村小额信用贷款期限和额度不合理,银行的内控机制不完善等方面。政府应从政策上重视农村小额信用贷款;积极引导农民的贷款投资方向,降低坏账率;制定优惠政策;增加贷款的透明度,从而切实解决农村小额贷款存在的问题。推动农村经济的发展。     

提高借贷资本效率综论

我国借贷资本效率不断下降,金融机构贷款和货币供应量大幅度增加.但仍不足以扭转通货紧缩趋势,其原因是多方面的,其中最重要的原因是单一的融资形式和融资渠道,造成社会资本循环周转阻滞.不能仅靠增加贷款量和货币供应量来解决通货紧缩问题,而应该综合治理,特别是要发展、完善金融市场,发展多种融资形式,盘活货币资本存量,用好增量,提高借贷资本效率,使货币和信贷在促进经济增长中发挥更好的作用.