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1.
Ziad Swaidan 《Journal of Business Ethics》2012,108(2):201-213
Disparity in consumer ethics reflects cultural variations; these are differences in the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes one culture from another. This study explores the differences in consumer ethics across cultural dimensions using Hofstede??s (in Culture??s consequences: international differences in work-related values, Sage, Beverly Hills, 1980) model (collectivism, masculinity, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance) and Muncy and Vitell (in J Bus Res 24(4):297?C311, 1992) consumer ethics model (i.e., illegal, active, passive, and no harm). This is the first study to empirically explore consumer ethics using these two major constructs. Seven hundred sixty one African American consumers were used to test the four major hypotheses developed in this study. Current research has revealed that there are significant differences in ethics between consumers who score high and consumers who score low on Hofstede??s four cultural dimensions. In general, this research revealed that consumers who score high on collectivism, high on uncertainty avoidance, low on masculinity, and low on power distance scales reject questionable activities more than consumers who score low on collectivism, low on uncertainty avoidance, high on masculinity, and high on power distance. This study should prove valuable to international marketers because the Hofstede cultural model allows managers to identify differences in consumer ethics across different cultures and thus provides a theoretical base for designing effective marketing strategies. 相似文献
2.
The scarcity effect is a powerful social‐influence principle used by marketers to increase the subjective desirability of products. This study explores cross‐national differences in proneness to the scarcity effect and attempts to explain observed differences in terms of boundary conditions. Results of a shopping simulation experiment show a positive effect of scarcity on purchase intent and a greater proneness to such among participants from a lower‐ (U.S.) versus higher‐ (France) context culture. Moreover, the scarcity effect is moderated by product familiarity, uncertainty avoidance, and need for cognitive closure. Differential familiarity levels may help explain the observed cross‐national differences. Managerial implications concern the conditions under which marketing appeals based on scarcity should be more (versus less) persuasive. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
3.
We propose a model linking consumer characteristics (consumer susceptibility to interpersonal influence and Internet shopping experience), attitude toward online reviews (perceived usefulness), and the outcome of online reviews (usage frequency and purchase influence). We advance hypotheses on the interrelationships among these factors and on the moderating effects of national culture on some of the relationships. We test the hypotheses on survey data collected from U.S. and Korean consumers. The results show that national culture has important moderating effects on the relationships among online reviews and its antecedents. The results suggest that an attitude-oriented marketing communication strategy is more effective for Korean consumers while a behavior-oriented strategy is more effective for U.S. consumers. 相似文献
4.
Boris Bartikowski Gianfranco Walsh Sharon E. Beatty 《Journal of Business Research》2011,64(9):966-972
This study investigates the moderating role of culture and relationship age in the relationship between customer-based corporate reputation (CBR) and customer loyalty using data from two service contexts (retailing and fast-food restaurants) in three countries (France, the U.K., and the U.S.) that differ with regards to two cultural values—uncertainty avoidance and time orientation. Results suggest that CBR has similar effects on affective and intentional loyalty in all three countries. However, culture interacts with relationship age, such that relationship age magnifies the effect of CBR in France, while relationship age suppresses CBR's effect in the U.K. and the U.S. The authors provide explanations for these effects based on cultural theories. Managerial and research implications are developed. 相似文献
5.
An increasing number of households are equipped with Internet-enabled televisions (IETVs) that yield opportunities for online activities. This research contributes by investigating the motivational factors of consumers’ attitudes and intentions toward IETV shopping. A quasi-experimental study in the environmental context of a living room was designed to explore IETV shopping behavior. Findings indicate that utilitarian motivations are determined by characteristics of technology and hedonic motivations from the physical environment. Attitudes toward IETV shopping are primarily influenced by hedonic shopping motivations. Conclusions suggest that by providing an IETV shopping app, retailers would make online shopping more enjoyable and comfortable for consumers. 相似文献
6.
This study examines how mannequins' physical conditions of display height and distance are related to consumers’ shopping motivations in generating mental simulation resulting in purchase intention. A 2 × 2 x 2 between-subjects lab experiment (n = 249) was conducted to address this question. The results reveal a significant three-way interaction effect of display height, distance, and shopping motivation. Specifically, it is found that for those with a dominant hedonic shopping motivation, a mannequin displayed up high generates greater mental simulation than one displayed down low, but for those with a dominant utilitarian shopping motivation, a mannequin displayed high and close to consumers generates greater mental simulation than one displayed low and close to them. This study also reveals that mental simulation mediates the influence of the interaction effect of “display height x distance,” moderated by shopping motivation, on purchase intention. Important theoretical and practical implications for retail managers are discussed. 相似文献
7.
Rafik I. Beekun Ramda Hamdy James W. Westerman Hassan R. HassabElnaby 《Journal of Business Ethics》2008,82(3):587-605
In this comparative survey of 191 Egyptian and 92 U.S. executives, we explore the relationship between national culture and
ethical decision-making within the context of business. Using Reidenbach and Robin’s (1988) multi-criteria ethics instrument,
we examine how differences on two of Hofstede’s national culture dimensions, individualism/collectivism, and power distance,
are related to the manner in which business practitioners make ethical decisions. Egypt and the U.S. provide an interesting
comparison because of the extreme differences in their economies and related business development. Our results indicate that
respondents from the U.S, individualistic and low in power distance, were likely to view the decision making outcome in ethics
scenarios as more unethical than the more collectivistic and high power distance Egyptians, when applying ethical criteria
based on justice, utilitarianism, relativism, and (contrary to our predictions) egoism. However, we also found that both Egyptians
and Americans rely on justice, utilitarianism, and relativism in predicting their intentions to behave ethically, and that
Americans substitute egoism for justice, when the behavioral intentions of peers are examined. 相似文献
8.
《International Journal of Research in Marketing》2022,39(4):1186-1208
E-commerce has significantly reshaped consumers’ shopping processes and habits. The need to understand the key drivers of online shopping has received keen attention and fueled a rich strand of studies. To help managers and researchers synthesize this growing body of evidence, we conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis to unearth the factors that influence consumers’ online shopping. Our main takeaways reveal that the most important drivers of online shopping (a) conform to the TAM and TPB theories, in addition to (b) website characteristics and past experience. In particular, the multiple predictors are strongly related to online purchase intentions and purchase behavior, where attitude and convenience show the strongest impact. Furthermore, moderator analyses indicate that cultural traits have specific moderating effects on the links between purchase intention and some of its drivers. For instance, power distance and uncertainty avoidance have a positive effect, while individualism, indulgence and masculinity have a negative one. Finally, we apply meta-analytic structural equation modeling to test a conceptual framework including four groups of drivers (consumer–channel interactions, website characteristics, social influence, and consumer characteristics) and different aspects of online shopping. The findings provide valuable insights for online shopping research and practice. 相似文献
9.
Understanding motivations of multichannel shoppers is critical for retailers, especially in terms of how retailers can best attract shoppers to and orient shoppers across different channel options. Our study thus seeks to understand multichannel shopping through nontraditional retail formats by studying the effects of shoppers' hedonic and utilitarian motives. We used the theory of variety-seeking behavior for conceptualization, and analyzed data from a large-scale U.S. consumer survey. Our findings suggest that both hedonic and utilitarian factors are important predictors of multichannel shopping. Hedonic motivations have more explanatory power for high-level multichannel shopping than for moderate-level multichannel shopping, as compared to non-multichannel shopping. 相似文献
10.
《Journal of Business Venturing》1993,8(1):59-73
The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of the cultural values of individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity on national rates of innovation in 33 countries in 1975 and 1980. The study found that rates of innovation are most closely associated with the cultural value of uncertainty acceptance, but that lack of power distance and individualism also are related to high rates of innovation. This research suggests that nations may differ in their rates of innovation because of the cultural values of their citizens.These findings have important implications for managers and policy-makers. First, culture matters. Countries may not be able to increase their rates of innovation simply by increasing the amount of money spent on research and development or industrial infrastructure. They also may need to change the values of their citizens to those that encourage innovative activity. This concept, in turn, suggests that national rates of innovation are driven by more fundamental forces than economic conditions, and that societal change may be necessary to make less innovative societies more innovative.Second, the values associated with high national rates of innovation are those that many scholars have long argued are important at the firm level. An acceptance of uncertainty appears to be necessary, probably because innovation requires a tolerance for risk and change. Individualism seems to be important, perhaps because of its association with autonomy, independence, and freedom. Lack of power distance appears important, perhaps reflecting the role that tolerance of change in the social order and distribution of power play in the innovation process.Third, the study indicates that the strength of the relationship between innovation and two cultural values—individualism and lack of power distance—were stronger in 1975 than in 1980, suggesting, perhaps, that these values are becoming less important in spurring the innovation process. This finding supports the anecdotal evidence that many collectivist and hierarchical Asian nations are becoming more innovative.Fourth, this study shows that per capita income is a more important economic variable than industrial structure in determining national rates of innovation. This finding confirms previous work that has shown that as nations become wealthier, they become more innovative. The reason may be that wealthier countries have more demand for innovations, both because innovations are often laborsaving, and because wealthier nations have greater demand for new and differentiated consumer goods. 相似文献
11.
Culture, product type, and price influences on consumer purchase intention to buy personalized products online 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
With personalization, consumers can choose from various product attributes and a customized product is assembled based on their preferences. Marketers often offer personalization on websites. This paper investigates consumer purchase intentions toward personalized products in an online selling situation.The research builds and tests three hypotheses: (1) intention to purchase personalized products will be affected by individualism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and masculinity dimensions of a national culture; (2) consumers will be more likely to buy personalized search products than experience products; and (3) intention to buy a personalized product will not be influenced by price premiums up to some level. Results indicate that individualism is the only culture dimension to have a significant effect on purchase intention. Product type and individualism by price interaction also have a significant effect, whereas price does not. Major findings and implications are discussed. 相似文献
12.
Eunjin ?Kim S.?Ratneshwar Erin?Roesler Tilottama?Ghosh?Chowdhury 《Marketing Letters》2016,27(2):259-271
This research links brand avoidance behaviors to attention to social comparison information (ATSCI). We posit that high (vs low) ATSCI consumers will suffer from more social-evaluative uncertainty, i.e., more uncertainty regarding others’ reactions to their brand choices. To alleviate this problem, high ATSCI consumers will avoid distinctive or conspicuous brands and brand icons that might draw the attention of others, playing safe in their brand choices, rather than risking social disapproval. Two preliminary studies provide support for the theoretical assumptions, confirming that ATSCI is positively associated with brand consciousness, brand social-evaluative uncertainty, and brand avoidance motivated by social-evaluative concerns. Study 1 examines brand identification and shows that although high and low ATSCI consumers identify themselves with equally prestigious brands, the former avoid identifying with distinctive brands. Study 2 demonstrates that unlike their low ATSCI counterparts, high ATSCI consumers avoid conspicuous brand logos even in the case of highly prestigious brands. 相似文献
13.
Perceived control and shopping behavior: The moderating role of the level of utilitarian motivational orientation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Examining the influence of the retail environment on shopping behavior, Kaltcheva and Weitz (2006. When should a retailer create an exciting store environment? Journal of Marketing 70 (January), 107–118) showed that shopping motivation (utilitarian versus hedonic) moderates the relationship between arousal and shoppers’ behavior in the store environment. In particular, they found that high arousal decreases intentions to visit for consumers with a utilitarian motivational orientation. Focusing on this particular type of shopping motivation, we hypothesized that the negative effects of arousal-inducing store environments occur for consumers with higher utilitarian motivations because these environments prevent those specific consumers from controlling their shopping experience. We consequently adapted Kaltcheva and Weitz's (2006) framework by building a model articulating perceived control, stress, pleasure, and return intent. A multigroup analysis of consumers with high versus low utilitarian shopping motivations identified in a field study conducted in Europe gave support to our hypothesis. 相似文献
14.
Elí Samuel González-Trejo 《Journal of Promotion Management》2013,19(4):480-493
Although some articles have tried to address the standardization/adaptation strategies of companies on the internet, there is still a lack of guidance on the issue, especially for companies outside of the United States. To help alleviate this shortage of guidance and provide Mexican web designers, web marketers, and IT managers with some insights into web cultural adaptation, this article conducted a comparative analysis of Mexican based companies’ domestic websites and their U.S. international websites, replicating a cultural adaptation framework from prior literature. Thirteen Mexican based Bolsa Mexicana de Valores (2005) companies were evaluated to test for the cultural adaptation of their Mexican and international websites. A content analysis of 26 Mexican domestic and U.S. international websites reveals non-significant cultural adaptation on the web; however, the results of the web content analysis are similar to those of previous research, which consider Mexican culture to score high in power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, and high-context cultural dimensions. However, for the collectivistic dimension, the results were opposite to those of previous research, which may suggest a need to develop and test other cultural adaptation frameworks for future research. 相似文献
15.
Thitiporn Sanguanpiyapan Cynthia Jasper 《Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services》2010,17(2):152-160
The question that guides this research concerns why consumers prefer to shop where they do for luxury goods. This study applies Tauber's (1972) motives, as representative of Sheth's (1983) nonfunctional shopping motives for luxury goods purchases. The study examines how well Tauber's motives describe consumers’ shopping motivations at each retail outlet in a jewelry shopping setting. These retail outlets consist of store- and non-store formats. The study identifies motives that are considered most important by consumers and that contribute to their shopping preferences. This study also identifies demographic profiles of jewelry shoppers at each retail outlet. Jewelry shoppers are more influenced by functional motives than nonfunctional motives. 相似文献
16.
The importance of consumer value-driven strategies is highlighted in the marketplace, especially with economic stagnation. The aim of this study is to shed light on the mechanisms underlying consumers’ value perception of, satisfaction with, and loyalty intentions toward shopping at mass merchants in a multichannel retail environment by using their shopping orientations as predictors. Findings based on a national sample online survey of 1,411 U.S. consumers revealed that multidimensional consumers’ shopping value perceptions regarding shopping at multichannel mass merchants had significant and positive effects on their consumer satisfaction with and loyalty intentions toward shopping at the multichannel mass merchants. 相似文献
17.
Retail shopping studies often conclude that desirable shopper behaviors, such as spending more money, indicate underlying approach motivation, while undesirable behaviors, such as leaving the store, indicate underlying avoidance motivation. However, hedonic consumption would seem to provide an opportunity not only for approaching fun and excitement but also for avoiding problems and stress in everyday life. This study investigates approach and avoidance motivations in a hedonic consumption context. Results show that both approach and avoidance motivation lead to heightened hedonic motivations for shopping and to more positive shopper evaluations. Additional investigation reveals several differences by gender and across four shopping contexts. Several theoretical and managerial implications are offered. 相似文献
18.
19.
Heiner Evanschitzky Oliver Emrich Vinita Sangtani Anna-Lena Ackfeldt Kristy E. Reynolds Mark J. Arnold 《International Journal of Research in Marketing》2014
We reinvestigate what constitutes hedonic customer experiences in collectivistic versus individualistic cultures using four country samples (N=2,336) in Germany and the U.S. as well as Oman and India. Across country samples, intrinsically enjoyable customer experiences are associated with the same underlying hedonic shopping motivations as shown in the original U.S. context. In comparison with individualistic cultures, we find that a hedonic shopping experience in collectivistic cultures is less strongly associated with selforiented gratification shopping, yet more strongly associated with others-oriented role shopping. 相似文献
20.
P. Maria Joseph Christie Ik-Whan G. Kwon Philipp A. Stoeberl Raymond Baumhart 《Journal of Business Ethics》2003,46(3):263-287
Culture has been identified as a significant determinant of ethical attitudes of business managers. This research studies the impact of culture on the ethical attitudes of business managers in India, Korea and the United States using multivariate statistical analysis. Employing Geert Hofstede's cultural typology, this study examines the relationship between his five cultural dimensions (individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, and long-term orientation) and business managers' ethical attitudes. The study uses primary data collected from 345 business manager participants of Executive MBA programs in selected business schools in India, Korea and the United States using Hofstede's Value Survey Module (94) and an instrument designed by the researchers to measure respondents' ethical attitudes (attitudes toward business ethics in general and toward twelve common questionable practices in particular). Results indicate that national culture has a strong influence on business managers' ethical attitudes. In addition to national culture, respondents' general attitudes toward business ethics are related to their personal integrity; their attitudes toward questionable business practices are related to the external environment and gender, as well as to their personal integrity. A strong relationship exists between cultural dimensions of individualism and power distance and respondents' ethical attitudes toward certain questionable practices. The analysis of the relationship between cultural dimensions of masculinity, uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation and respondents' ethical attitudes toward questionable practices produced mixed results, likely due to the lack of notable differences in cultural dimension scores among the countries surveyed. 相似文献