外贸乘数效应的理论与实证分析

开放经济体系中,当一国的投资、政府支出或者出口增加时,国民收入会因为外贸乘数的作用而成倍地增加。运用传统模型展开实证分析,我们发现中国的外贸乘数较小,而且沿海省份的外贸乘数效应要弱于全国总体值。文章从消费与进口两个角度对影响我国外贸乘数效应的因素加以分析,提出应努力构建起全国统一大市场,提高MPC值,以较好地实现我国外贸应有的乘数效应。     

财政政策对经济发展的动态效应研究

文章分析了1978—2007年中国政府支出的乘数效应和挤出效应,以期正确评价积极财政政策的预期效应。分析结果表明:大规模财政支出和减税政策对促进经济发展具有一定的积极效果,但由于政府支出乘数和减税乘数效应都在降低,并且财政支出存在一定的挤出效应,政策实施的效果与预期存在差距。因此,提出从财政支出结构、税收结构和投融资体制三个主要方面进一步完善宏观调控职能。     

中国财政政策理论乘数和实际乘数效应研究

本文通过建立宏观经济模型,分别测算了我国的理论财政政策乘数和实际财政政策乘数.测算结果表明,这两种财政政策的乘数值都不大,尤其是实际作用乘数的值明显偏低,财政政策的挤出效应也不明显.就乘数的影响因素来看,其可能原因在于我国的边际消费倾向过低,同时消费存在很大的刚性.根据上述乘数的测算值,我们还分别估算了在两种模型下财政政策的综合乘数效应.显然,财政政策是政府调节经济的主要杠杆,其中政府购买支出是最主要的政策工具.此外,尽管理论和实际作用乘数相差很大,但两者最终形成的乘数效应对经济的拉动作用相差不大,甚至财政政策的实际乘数效应在多数年份超过理论乘数效应.     

政府支出与居民消费——一个基于跨期替代模型的中国经验分析

政府支出的增加之所以能够引致居民消费的增长，是由于政府支出具有乘数效应。本文通过建立一个居民消费的跨期替代模型，分析了中国的政府支出与居民消费之间的关系，认为在短期内，中国政府可能通过增加政府支出的方式增加总需求，但在长期均衡时政府支出完全挤占了消费支出。     

时变乘数效应与改革开放以来中国财政政策效果测定

财政政策效果测定历来是国家政策制定与改革关注的重点。本文基于约束的VAR模型提出了具有微观基础的财政政策时变乘数指标,并分解测算了改革开放以来中国财政支出和政府融资的时变冲击乘数、时变累积乘数以及时变现值乘数。同时,结合中国实际,通过一个理论模型分析了财政政策的乘数效应及其影响因素。研究结果表明,政府投资乘数呈减弱趋势,政府消费乘数亦呈小幅下降态势。政府税收乘数显著为负且相对较为稳定,但债务发行乘数呈明显下降趋势,并于2006年起由正转负。基于模型校准和经验分析可知,目前政策当局依然可通过增加消费性支出促进经济增长;但是,需要管控政府投资规模,因为随政府投资产出弹性下降和规模扩大,政府投资乘数急速下滑势必削弱财政政策效果。同时,由于中国税收并未引发大规模挤占效应,因此目前税收格局相对合理。此外,鉴于当前债务发行存在负经济增长效应,表明政策当局仍需重点盯住和管控债务规模。在此基础上,结合微观主体流动性约束强弱和结构性参数走向,本文提出了增强财政政策效果的对策建议。     

试论财政政策的乘数理论、挤出效应及其有效性

近年来,中国政府为扩大需求,稳定经济增长,实施了一系列积极的财政政策,并在适当的货币政策的配合下,基本上达到了预期目标,然而,随着居民边际消费倾向的不断下降,政府的支出乘数也不断降低,并产生了一定的挤出效应,影响了积极财政政策的有效性,因此,经济的长期稳定增长不能主要依靠财政投资来推动,而应采取能够增大政府支出乘数的政府措施,优化财政支出结构,提高财政支出效率。     

基于RIMS Ⅱ的国防支出区域经济效应分析——以美国圣迭戈县为例

国防支出对区域经济影响的主要分析工具之一是投入产出分析技术。本文在RIMS Ⅱ(Regional Input-Output Mod-eling System,区域投入产出模型化系统)基础上,讨论了区域投入产出分析的主要乘数模型:产出乘数、就业乘数和收入乘数。将乘数模型应用于国防支出的区域经济效应研究,我们发现,国防支出通过驻地军事基地和装备采购支出对区域经济发展的影响是显著的。由于国防支出由中央政府支付,经济区域内国防支出的流入意味着为区域经济注入了必要的生产发展资金,推动经济区域内循环往复的生产、消费、税收和就业。同时,不同类型的国防支出流入在区域经济内发挥的经济效应是不同的。以生产武器装备,承接国防合同为主而流入大量国防采购资金、国防R&D资金的地区,显然要比经济区内单纯驻有军事基地的地区有更高的乘数效应,国防支出对区域经济的产出、收入和就业的经济效应更为明显。     

外贸乘数法的扩展与中国贸易收支的实证分析

开放经济体系中，当一国的投资、政府支出或者出口增加时，国民收入会因为外贸乘数的作用而成倍地增加。同时，外国收入的变动也会通过乘数效应影响本国的国民收入和贸易收支。结合当前全球经济大环境，运用加入外国收入变量后的外贸乘数分析扩展模型分析表明，中国今明两年的贸易收支顺差仍将减少。要增加国民收入和改善贸易收支，就要促进消费和扩大出口。     

政府支出、技术进步对劳动就业的效应分析

本文把政府支出引进效用函数之中,建立一新古典增长模型来研究政府支出、技术进步对就业的影响,发现:政府支出、技术进步对劳动就业的效应主要与消费者风险规避系数有关;中国的政府支出增加促进就业,技术进步抑制就业。同时利用中国的1978-2004年政府支出、技术水平以及就业的相关数据进行计量分析,发现:就业量与政府支出、生产技术存在长期协整关系;政府支出对就业的短期效应大于长期效应。     

我国省际政府支出乘数有差异性吗*

考虑到我国省与省之间政府支出政策效应的异质性及相依性,本文先在动态异质面板结构向量自回归（PSVAR）模型中,将共同相关效应（CCE）及主成分分析（PC）两种处理截面相关的方法分别引入其中,进行了小样本对比分析。本文研究发现,CCE拟合效果更好。然后,本文基于CCE思想估计的动态异质且截面相关的PSVAR模型对我国省际政府支出乘数的差异性进行了探讨,实证结果表明：我国各省区市短期、长期政府支出乘数均存在显著差异,而且差异性与东、中、西三大经济区域分布并不一致;贸易开放度越大、政府债务率越低、经济发展水平越高、收入分配差距越小的省区市政府支出乘数越大。     

Wealth Effects, Incentives, and Productivity

Comparative static effects of varying the wealth level of a risk-averse agent in a moral hazard setting with limited liability constraints are investigated. There are two principal opposing effects of increasing wealth: the incentive effect, which allows stronger punishments for poor performance, thereby encouraging higher effort; and the preference effect, which reduces the agent's effort incentives owing to income effects in the demand for leisure. It is shown that optimal effort levels are initially constant, subsequently increasing and eventually decreasing in wealth. Hence agents with intermediate wealth levels are the most productive.     

Balance Sheet Effects, Growth, and Crises

This paper addresses two questions: are currency crises predicted by increases in a central bank’s external and contingent liabilities relative to assets, and do these “balance sheet effects” generate persistent output losses following a crisis? I find empirical evidence that the answer to both questions is yes. I use data on stocks of gross external assets and liabilities for 167 countries over 1973–2003, in an unbalanced panel probit regression to obtain robust estimates of the probability and determinants of a post‐crisis recession. Several single and simultaneous equation specifications support the idea that the output cost of a currency crisis depends on its transmission mechanism. Specifically, a recession is likely to be severe if it is preceded by a crisis that works its way through the financial sector. In addition, the results show that measures of contingent liabilities, capital flight, and lack of financial depth are significant predictors of costly crises.     

分权、外部性与边界效应

分权创造竞争激励的同时也带来了协调不足的问题。当经济活动存在正外部性,地方政府会策略性地减少辖区边界上的公共投资,产生区域发展中的边界效应。本文构建了存在外部性的政府投资模型来说明边界效应的产生机制,并从三方面给出经验证据:第一,利用县级经济统计和夜间灯光数据,在控制影响本地生产率的因素后,发现省份边界县的经济产出显著低于其他县,即存在区域经济发展的省界效应。第二,由省政府主导投资的交通设施存在显著的省界效应,这种效应并不存在于由中央政府主导投资的交通设施。第三,基于夜间灯光亮度的微观地理数据,利用撤县设区的政策实验和双重差分模型,发现地级市政府统筹权力的加强显著提高了原市辖区与被撤并县交界处的经济活动水平,即降低了区县边界效应。本文的结果表明,在保证地方政府竞争激励的前提下,建立政府间协调和利益共享机制,对于实现区域协调发展战略至关重要。     

Trade, Entry Barriers, and Home Market Effects

This paper re‐examines the relationship between entry barriers and home market effects and departs from recent work by using returns to scale as a direct measure of entry barriers as opposed to relying on the level of product differentiation as an indirect proxy for barriers to entry. In contrast to earlier work, results of this study do not indicate a significant relationship between home market effects and entry barriers. In addition, examination of trade costs reveals the importance of these costs in the numéraire sector. These two observations are consistent with the theoretical prediction that home market effects are insignificant in the presence of symmetric trade costs across sectors. Consequently, a more direct measure of barriers to entry and an explicit consideration of trade costs indicate that the link between home market effects and barriers to entry is not as strong as predicted by previous work.     

Pecuniary Effects,Second-Order Conditions,and the LRAC Curve

In the continuing controversy over the one-semester as opposed to the two-semester introductory economics course, Paden and Moyer present evidence in support of the latter. They report on an experiment in which students in two-semester courses performed significantly better on objective tests than those in one-semester courses, after adjustments were made for such things as differences in initial knowledge of economics, student ability and influence of teaching assistants.     

Wealth Effects, Distribution, and the Theory of Organization

We construct a general equilibrium model of firm formation in which organization is endogenous. Firms are coalitions of agents providing effort and investment capital. Effort is unobservable unless a fixed monitoring cost is paid, and borrowing is subject to a costly state verification problem. Because incentives vary with an agent's wealth, different types of agents become attractive firm members under different circumstances. When borrowing is not costly, firms essentially consist of one type of agent and are organized efficiently. But when the costly state verification problem is sufficiently severe, firm organization will depend on the distribution of wealth: with enough inequality, it will tend to be dictated by incentives of rich agents to earn high returns to wealth, even if the chosen organizational form is not a technically efficient way to provide incentives.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: D2, D31, J41, L2.     

National Border Effects: Location, Not Nationality, Matters

A recent literature documents the downward impact of national borders on trade. This paper probes the relative importance of two potential sources of border effects: (1) pure locational factors, such as transport costs and tariffs; and (2) an inherent disadvantage for a firm selling in a foreign market. I am able to make this decomposition by using data on the local sales of foreign affiliates of US multinational enterprises, on US bilateral exports, and on domestic sales by host‐country firms. The “border effect” arises almost entirely from locational factors. If a firm establishes and sells from a subsidiary located in the foreign country, its local sales are about on a par with those of domestic firms in that market.     

Comprehensive Income Measures, Housing Equity, and Tax-Transfer Effects

Cash income is widely recognised as a deficient measure of income, as it takes no account of the contribution of net worth to consumption potential. Housing equity is a particularly important component of net worth. Comprehensive income measures incorporate housing equity by adding its annuitized value to cash income. However, such an approach fails to take into account adverse tax-transfer effects on conversion of housing equity. As such, the contribution of housing equity to potential consumption is significantly exaggerated. A net comprehensive income measure, which directly incorporates the tax-transfer effects from housing equity conversion, is introduced. Simulation exercises are conducted, to demonstrate the importance of taking into account tax-transfer effects when measuring the comprehensive income of those homeowner income units in receipt of government pensions and benefits.     

关税、走私和福利效应

本文旨在通过构建开放经济条件下中国走私的均衡分析框架,以期探求：存在走私实际成本时,走私者行为如何决定,以及引入政府反走私行动、关税税率上升等外生冲击后,走私相关效应如国民福利效应将发生怎样变化？