从财务重述视角看我国A股上市公司股权激励制度

股权激励制度在降低代理成本、实现剩余索取权与控制权最有效配置的同时,也带来了许多问题,财务重述正是其中之一.本文的研究结论证实,实施股权激励政策的公司相对于未实施该制度的公司更容易发生财务重述.进一步研究发现,基于股价的股权激励模式比基于业绩的模式发生财务重述的几率更大.基于此结论,文章提出了股权激励制度的完善方案和上市公司对于控制内部交易、防止操纵短期盈余的有效措施,对加强上市公司内部控制、提升企业价值也有一定的借鉴意义.     

股权结构与财务重述:来自上市公司的证据

本文以财务重述为研究视角,在考察控股程度与控股股东性质交叉作用的基础上,研究股权结构的治理效率。研究结果显示,在没有绝对控股股东的情况下,无论公司第一大股东的最终控制人是国有还是非国有性质,其发生财务重述的可能性都比国有控股上市公司发生财务重述的可能性显著要高;在绝对控股条件下,最终控制人为非国有性质的上市公司发生财务重述的可能性比国有性质的公司发生财务重述的可能性显著要低。研究结论表明,分散化的股权和国有股权对公司管理层的制约效果相对较差,从而使公司进行盈余操纵的可能性更高。本文借助公司财务重述行为,深化了已有公司治理方面的研究,并为监管部门和投资者的决策提供重要依据。     

政府控制、制度环境与上市公司财务重述行为

在我国转轨经济背景下,政府干预对企业行为具有重要影响。本文以财务重述为研究对象,实证检验了不同层级的政府干预和地区制度环境与上市公司财务重述行为之间的关系。研究发现,与非政府控制的公司相比,政府控制的公司尤其是地方政府控制的公司发生财务重述的概率更高,而公司所处地区制度环境的改善能够显著降低上市公司发生财务重述的概率。具体来说,公司所处地区的市场化进程越快、政府干预越少、法治水平越高,上市公司发生财务重述的可能性越低。本文为理解转型经济中政府在公司信息披露行为中的作用提供了实证支持,拓展了财务重述影响因素的研究,同时提供了改善公司财务报告质量的有效路径。     

基于盈余管理动机的财务重述研究

基于盈余管理动机对财务重述公司进行研究后发现,相对于非重述公司,重述公司的短期经营性应计显著偏高;重述与非重述公司的非经常性损益不存在显著差异。研究还发现,重述公司往往股权分散、盈利水平低、流动性差、资产周转速度慢、负债率高,并且被出具非标准审计意见和被ST的可能性更高。     

董事会特征、财务重述与公司价值——基于会计差错发生期的分析

基于会计差错发生期,以2002年至2010年中国A股上市公司为研究样本,实证检验了董事会特征、财务重述与公司价值之间的关系.研究发现,董事会规模和董事会会议频率与公司发生财务重述的概率显著正相关,董事会独立性和董事会成员持股比例与公司发生财务重述的概率显著负相关,而且发生财务重述行为的公司价值显著低于无财务重述行为的公司价值.研究结果表明公司财务重述行为不仅受到董事会特征的影响,而且该行为具有严重的经济后果.     

上市公司实施股权激励的动机研究

我国上市公司从2006年开始实施规范的股权激励,至2012年底已经有307家公司先后推出了股权激励计划。对于上市公司实施股权激励的动机是什么,以往的研究尚存在争议。文章首先回顾了关于股权激励动机的主要观点,然后专门针对股权激励计划草案,引入Black-Scholes模型并加以整理,对实施股权激励动机的强弱加以衡量,从公司治理、成长性、公司性质三个方面加以检验。研究发现我国上市公司主要基于激励动机实施股权激励计划。     

公司战略、高管激励与财务困境

本文以2009—2015年沪深A股上市公司为研究样本,考察了公司战略对财务困境的影响.研究发现:相对于防御型战略,实施进攻型战略的公司更容易发生财务困境;高管货币薪酬激励在公司战略对财务困境的影响中具有负向调节作用;高管股权激励在上述关系中影响效果不显著.实证结果表明,我国上市公司的战略激进程度对公司财务困境的发生具有一定影响.本文的研究为深入认识公司战略以及通过有效的高管激励方式来降低财务困境的发生具有一定启示意义.     

创业板财务特征、代理成本与股权激励水平

本文以创业板为基础,从创业板与主板、中小板的财务特征、代理成本差异角度分析其对股权激励水平的影响.本文以2010年初到2013年6月底创业板的数据为基础,以提出股权激励计划并实施的上市公司为研究样本,分析公司的财务特征、代理成本两者分别对股权激励水平的影响,以及两者对股权激励水平的综合影响.根据实证分析结果,提出了创业板公司应采用多种股权激励模式、保持合理的股权集中度等建议.     

企业产权、财务重述与审计师变更——来自我国上市公司的经验证据

文章运用我国上市公司的数据,实证检验了上市公司的财务重述行为对审计师变更的影响。研究结果表明,对于国有企业来说,重述公司的审计师发生变更的概率要低于非重述公司,但如果重述公司上期被出具了标准无保留意见,审计师变更的概率会上升;在非国有企业中,未发现重述与审计师变更之间存在显著相关关系。对国有企业来说,财务重述与审计师变更类型之间无显著关系;在非国有企业,有微弱的证据表明,财务重述公司更容易将事务所变更为小所,如果上期被出具了标准无保留意见,这种倾向更明显。研究结果表明,上市公司和审计师之间存在"审计合谋",这一问题在国有企业中更为严重。     

我国上市公司股权激励对公司股价影响的实证研究

本文采集了29家上市公司在首次披露实施股权激励方案的前后各30个交易日股票收盘价,并运用Excel和Eviews5.0进行统计分析。研究发现,上市公司在披露实施股权激励方案后存在股价的超常波动,市场上存在超额收益。     

资本市场开放能抑制企业避税吗——基于沪港通的准自然实验

资本市场开放作为我国金融供给侧改革的重要内容,深刻改变了中国资本市场交易者结构特征,可能对上市公司的自利行为产生深远影响。本文基于沪港通这一准自然实验,研究发现资本市场开放能显著抑制企业的避税行为。影响机制检验表明,资本市场开放不仅有助于提高公司治理水平、抑制高管避税寻租动机,而且有助于改善公司信息质量、增加避税成本,从而降低企业避税水平。进一步研究还发现,这一影响对于税收征管强度较低地区的企业更显著。本文的研究结果表明,沪港通可以作为有效的外部治理机制,促进企业规范自身行为,提高税收征管效率。这为后续进一步深化金融领域开放提供了理论依据。     

Why do firms adopt CEO stock options? Evidence from the United States

This paper examines the determinants of stock option introduction as a part of CEO compensation in listed US firms during the 1994–2004 period. The results are consistent with agency costs and recruiting considerations, suggesting that firms do not adjust CEO compensation in order to address the ‘investment horizon’ problem. The findings also suggest that CEO stock option adoption is not necessarily influenced by the same factors that have been found in the literature to affect the level of CEO stock option compensation and the adoption of broad-based stock option incentives. Overall, the findings provide evidence for several theoretical predictions, thus adding to our understanding of managerial incentives.     

The Finnish Corporate Income Tax Reform and the Financial Strategy of Firms: A General Equilibrium Approach

This paper simulates the effects of the recent Finnish corporate tax reform with a computable general equilibrium model. It shows that the impact of the reform on the capital stock depends on the reactions of firms. If the financial strategy is changed to prefer dividend distribution and share issues, the cost of capital falls and the capital stock increases. On the other hand, if the criterion of financial policy is to minimise the welfare loss of current shareholders, the earlier financial behaviour should be continued. In that case,the induced higher cost of capital leads to a lower capital stock. The overall welfare evaluation of the tax reform is not sensitive to the regime shift: the reform should not have been implemented. This is because the increase in interest income taxation distorts saving decisions, expands the net foreign debt of the economy and weakens the terms of trade.     

上市公司内部控制审计 报告自愿披露的经济效果研究 ——基于倾向评分匹配法和双重差分法的分析

本文以2006-2010年间沪深两市A股主板非金融公司为样本,研究了上市公司自愿披露内部控制审计报告对盈余质量和权益资本成本的影响。首先笔者通过倾向评分匹配法为在样本期间内自愿连续披露内部控制审计报告的公司（披露公司）匹配了一组在公司特征上相似的、但在样本期间内没有披露内部控制审计报告的公司（非披露公司）,然后采用双重差分法比较分析了披露公司和非披露公司在盈余质量和权益资本成本上的差异。笔者发现,自愿披露内部控制审计报告的上市公司盈余质量高,权益资本成本低。倾向评分匹配法和双重差分法相结合的分析方法较好地解决了样本选择偏差和内生性问题。本文的研究发现为中国资本市场监管机构从2011年起逐步推行强制披露内部控制信息政策提供了经验证据,同时为公司管理层进行内控信息披露决策提供支持依据。     

Privatization and Management Incentives: Evidence from the United Kingdom

This article examines whether privatization affects managementincentives and provides an estimate of the magnitude of thechange. Using data from large firms in the United Kingdom, wefind no relationship between compensation and financial performancein state-owned firms, both before and after corporate governancereforms. In contrast, we find a strong sensitivity in privatizedfirms both immediately and in more mature privatized firms drivenlargely by stock options and shareholding. For more mature privatizedfirms, compensation and dismissal sensitivities are complementarywith our estimates, suggesting a £443,000 increase inmanagement returns for a one standard deviation improvementin firm performance. This estimated incentive intensity is higherthan in established publicly traded firms. Our results supportthe theoretical focus on incentives in the dominant theoriesof state and private ownership.     

Stock market-driven investment: new evidence on information,financing and agency effects

This study provides a theoretical model and empirical analysis to jointly examine the information, financing and agency effects, the three channels through which the stock market can actively influence corporate investment decisions and firm performance. First, stock market affects corporate investments, and such impact varies with different market valuation measures, types of investments and firm characteristics. Second, stock market valuation affects investments through the channel of corporate financing, supporting the financing hypothesis. Third, stock market-driven investments have differential impacts on the future operating performance of firms. Investments driven by market valuation of firm-specific information have a positive effect on future performance. In contrast, investments driven by market-wide sentiment have a negative effect on future performance. Fourth, consistent with the information hypothesis, market-driven investments are value-enhancing for firms with better external monitoring by analysts and institutional investors. Lastly, consistent with the agency hypothesis, market-driven investments are value-destroying when firms lack external monitoring, proper managerial incentives and independent board of directors.     

Who Benefits from Foreign Direct Investment in the UK?

The presumed higher productivity of foreign firms and resulting spillovers to domestic firms has led governments to offer financial incentives to foreign firms. We investigate if there is any productivity or wage gap between foreign and domestic firms in the UK and if the presence of foreign firms in a sector raises the productivity of domestic firms. Our results indicate that foreign firms do have higher productivity than domestic firms and they pay higher wages. We find no aggregate evidence of intra‐industry spillovers. However, firms with low productivity relative to the sector average, in low‐skill low foreign competition sectors gain less from foreign firms.     

Determinants of Leverage in Slovenian Blue-Chip Firms and Stock Performance Following Substantial Debt Increases

Hypotheses concerning capital structures are some of the most frequently tested in the financial literature. Authors usually discuss different incentives for the use of leverage. Their views can be broadly classified in two main groups. The proponents of the first argue that leverage increases the cash flow available to investors. With the use of debt a firm gains because it uses a cheaper component of capital and since it pays less tax thanks to advantageous debt tax shields. On the other hand, the proponents of the second group stress the importance of minimising transaction costs, and information asymmetry. They point to a pecking order of finance sources. In this article, I explain the most frequently stated drivers that provide incentives for the more extensive use of debt with a focus on an emerging market environment and test whether they are relevant to Slovenian blue-chip firms that emerged from the transition of the last decade.

The second part introduces the owners' point of view. I test whether raised debt levels in fact improve the long-term return to the stockholders of Slovenian firms. This should be expected because of the institution-led capital structure conservatism that firms practised in the past. Three methods are employed to test the relationship between increased levels of debt and long-term stock return. All of them offer a similar conclusion that the expected long-term performance of firms which significantly increased their leverage is no better than the long-term performance of firms that did not. The results are useful for other emerging capital markets in Europe where firms and investors faced similar circumstances tied to their socialist past and transition process.     

REGULATION AND RISK: A CROSS‐COUNTRY SURVEY OF REGULATED COMPANIES

This paper tests empirically whether regulation characterized by high incentives implies more risk to firms than regulation characterized by low incentives. Using a worldwide panel of 170 regulated companies operating in electricity, gas, water, telecommunication and transportation sectors during the period 1995–2004, I find that different regulatory regimes do not result in different levels of risk to their regulated firms. This result could be driven by a higher level of development of financial markets combined with a sophisticated diversifying behaviour of regulated firms.     

Is hedging successful at reducing financial risk exposure?

This article analyses whether firms use risk management instruments for hedging or speculative purposes. First, by analysing the relationship between the firm’s stock returns and financial risks in 567 Euronext firms, we measure the firm’s exposure to risk. Next, we investigate the effect of hedging in such exposures, addressing simultaneously the endogeneity of hedging decision through a treatment effect methodology. We have found that firms in our sample display higher percentages of exposure, when weighed against preceding studies, and confirmed that hedging reduces the level of the underlying financial exposure, concluding that firms use risk management instruments with hedging purposes.